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Elsevier

Books in Physics

Physics titles offer comprehensive research and advancements across the fundamental and applied areas of physical science. From quantum mechanics and particle physics to astrophysics and materials science, these titles drive innovation and deepen understanding of the principles governing the universe. Essential for researchers, educators, and students, this collection supports scientific progress and practical applications across a diverse range of physics disciplines.

  • Relativity Reexamined

    • 1st Edition
    • Mohhamad Reza Kiani
    • English
    Relativity Reexamined examines relativity from a new angle and with an unconventional perspective. Topics covered range from quantum theory and relativity to gravitation and relativity quantized atomic clocks, as well as special relativity Doppler effect and spherical symmetry. A distinction is also made between mathematical coordinates and physical frames of reference. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins by considering the development of scientific theories in general, citing examples to show how scientists' viewpoints have progressively changed. Some of the problems that have emerged, and which even Albert Einstein was unable to foresee, are highlighted. The first chapter reviews the historical sequence of events that led to quantum theory and relativity, while the second chapter focuses on some problems about restricted relativity, paying particular attention to the meaning of potential energy and the importance of field theory in relativistic theories. The following chapters analyze a variety of experimental evidences that challenge many basic assumptions in theoretical physics, focusing on the fundamental importance of the Mössbauer effect and of atomic clocks; the link between gravitation and relativity; classical problems of theoretical mechanics; and special relativity Doppler effect. A gravistatic problem with spherical symmetry is also described. This monograph will be of interest to physicists and students of physics.

  • Nonlinear Surface Electromagnetic Phenomena

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 29
    • H.-E. Ponath + 1 more
    • English
    In recent years the physics of electromagnetic surface phenomena has developed rapidly, evolving into technologies for communications and industry, such as fiber and integrated optics. The variety of phenomena based on electromagnetism at surfaces is rich and this book was written with the aim of summarizing the available knowledge in selected areas of the field.The book contains reviews written by solid state and optical physicists on the nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves at and with surfaces and films. Both the physical phenomena and some potential applications are dealt with. Included are discussions of nonlinear wave mixing on films and surfaces, second harmonic generation in waveguides and at surfaces, nonlinear waves guided by dielectric and semiconductor surfaces and films, surface gratings formed by high energy laser beams, and reflection and transmission switching of strong beams onto nonlinear surfaces. Chapters on light scattering from surface excitations and magnetic order-disorder and orientational phase transitions complete this essential contribution to the modern optics literature.

  • Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices

    • 1st Edition
    • Marc J. Madou + 1 more
    • English
    This book is a lucid presentation for chemists, electrical engineers, surface scientists, and solid-state physicists, of the fundamentals underlying the construction of simple and small chemical sensors. The first part of the book is a review of the theoretical background in solid state physics, chemistry and electronics. Semiconductor and solid electrolyte bulk models are reviewed as well as solid/gas and solid/liquid interface models. Membranes and catalysis theory are also covered expansively. The second part is a discussion of more complete sensor devices, their essential components, and of the important developments in this area over the last fifteen to twenty years. The book provides guidance through the multidisciplinary world of chemical sensors. It should be understandable to students with some training in physics and chemistry and a general knowledge of electronics. Finally, comments on economic considerations in the development of new sensor products and suggestionsfor future research and development should be of value to company R&D planners.

  • Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy

    • 1st Edition
    • David Kliger
    • English
    Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy covers the experimental methods involved in various sensitive techniques to which lasers have been applied for the study of weak transitions. This book is organized into seven chapters. Each chapter discusses the theories, experiments, and application of the specific technique. A discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and modifications made in each technique is also provided. Ultrasensitive techniques considered in this text include photoacoustic, one- and two-photon excitation, absorption, mass, and laser ionization spectroscopies. Other chapters examine the techniques of laser intracavity-enhanced... laser absorption, and emission spectroscopy. This book will be of value to spectroscopists, analytical chemists, and researchers in the field of ultrasensitive analysis.

  • Variational Methods in Nuclear Reactor Physics

    • 1st Edition
    • Weston M. Jr. Stacey
    • English
    Nuclear Science and Technology, Volume 10: Variational Methods in Nuclear Reactor Physics presents the mathematical methods of a variational origin that are useful in obtaining approximate solutions to science and engineering problems. This book is composed of five chapters and begins with a discussion on the variation principles for physical systems described by both inhomogeneous and homogeneous equations to develop a generalized perturbation theory. Chapter 2 deals with the applications of variational estimates and generalized perturbation theory to neutron transport problems. Chapter 3 covers the variation principles of the Lagrangian form that are constructed for a general, linear- time-dependent process and for the specific case of the P1 neutron kinetics equations. Chapter 4 presents the general procedure for the variational derivation of synthesis approximations and their applications to problems in reactor physics. This chapter also examines the relationship of the spatial synthesis and finite-element method and a hybrid method that combines features of both methods. Chapter 5 describes the relationship of variation theory with the Hamilton-Jacobi theory and with the optimization theories of the maximum principle and dynamic programming. Nuclear physicists and researchers will find this text invaluable.

  • Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors

    • 1st Edition
    • J Phillips
    • English
    Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors deals with bonds and bands in semiconductors and covers a wide range of topics, from crystal structures and covalent and ionic bonds to elastic and piezoelectric constants. Lattice vibrations, energy bands, and the thermochemistry of semiconductors are also discussed, along with impurities and fundamental optical spectra. Comprised of 10 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the crystal structures of the more common and more useful semiconductors, together with bonding definitions and rules; bond energy gaps and band energy gaps; tetrahedral coordination; and bond lengths and radii. The discussion then turns to the effects of covalent and ionic bonds on crystal structures and cohesive energies of semiconductors, paying particular attention to the electronic configurations of atoms, ionicity, and homopolar energy gaps. Subsequent chapters introduce the reader to elastic and piezoelectric constants as well as lattice vibrations, energy bands, impurities, and fundamental optical spectra. The book also examines the thermochemistry of semiconductors before concluding with a concise qualitative description of barriers, junctions, and devices, with emphasis on the physical and chemical principles behind their operation. This monograph will be of interest to physicists, chemists, and materials scientists.

  • Nuclear Acoustic Resonance

    • 1st Edition
    • Dan Bolef
    • English
    Nuclear Acoustic Resonance serves as an introduction to the field of nuclear acoustic resonance and highlights its differences from nuclear magnetic resonance. Topics covered range from the nature of the coupling mechanisms, including dynamic electric quadrupole coupling and dynamic Alpher-Rubin coupling, to experimental techniques. The application of nuclear acoustic resonance to the study of conducting media is given consideration. This book consists of 10 chapters and begins with a description of nuclear acoustic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and combination acoustic-electromagn... spin resonance. A detailed treatment of nuclear electrostatic multipole interactions is presented, with emphasis on the irreducible tensor operators and their application to the calculation of nuclear acoustic resonance absorption and dispersion, as well as of line width and relaxation effects. An alternative approach that builds on the concepts of acoustic impedance and susceptibility for calculating absorption and dispersion in nuclear acoustic resonance is also presented. In an extension of the usual treatment of nuclear dipolar and nuclear quadrupolar interactions, the reader is introduced to appropriate expressions for nuclear acoustic coupling in solids via the dynamic hexadecapole moment. The final chapter explores the use of the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) in the detection of nuclear acoustic resonance. This book will be helpful to students and practitioners of physics and those interested in nuclear acoustic resonance.

  • Recent Crustal Movements, 1977

    • 1st Edition
    • C.A. Whitten
    • English
    Recent Crustal Movements, 1977 is a compilation of the proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Crust Movements. This volume is comprised of 50 papers and 38 abstracts, in addition to a special report about the RCM Symposium and the report of the Fennoscandian Subcommission. This volume is subdivided into eight parts. The first part presents the opening remarks at the symposium and the special report of the Fennoscandian Subcommission of the Commission on Recent Crustal Movements. Locations included in this report are the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. Part two is about crustal deformation using extra-terrestrial geodesy. Part three explores the measurement of strain, tilt and gravity. The observed vertical crustal deformation is the focus of the fourth part. The second half of this volume focuses on geologic studies of Holocene deformation; observed horizontal crustal deformation; seismology; and, finally, experimental and theoretical models of interferometric methods for the measurement of distance in the study of recent crustal movements.

  • Carrier Scattering in Metals and Semiconductors

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 19
    • V.F. Gantmakher + 1 more
    • English
    The transport properties of solids, as well as the many optical phenomena in them are determined by the scattering of current carriers. ``Carrier Scattering in Metals and Semiconductors'' elucidates the state of the art in the research on the scattering mechanisms for current carriers in metals and semiconductors and describes experiments in which these mechanisms are most dramatically manifested.The selection and organization of the material is in a form to prepare the reader to reason independently and to deal just as independently with available theoretical results and experimental data. The subjects dealt with include: - electronic transport theory based on the test-particle and correlation-function concepts; - scattering by phonons, impurities, surfaces, magnons, dislocations, electron-electron scattering and electron temperature; - two-phonon scattering, spin-flip scattering, scattering in degenerate and many-band models.

  • Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory

    • 1st Edition
    • A.R. Marlow
    • English
    Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory is a collection of papers presented at the 1977 conference on the Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory, held in New Orleans. The contributors present their topics from a wide variety of backgrounds and specialization, but all shared a common interest in answering quantum issues. Organized into 20 chapters, this book's opening chapters establish a sound mathematical basis for quantum theory and a mode of observation in the double slit experiment. This book then describes the Lorentz particle system and other mathematical structures with which fundamental quantum theory must deal, and then some unsolved problems in the quantum logic approach to the foundations of quantum mechanics are considered. Considerable chapters cover topics on manuals and logics for quantum mechanics. This book also examines the problems in quantum logic, and then presents examples of their interpretation and relevance to nonclassical logic and statistics. The accommodation of conventional Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics in quantum mechanics or quantum field theory is illustrated. The final chapters of the book present a system of axioms for nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on the role of density operators as states. Specific connections of this theory with other formulations of quantum theory are also considered. These chapters also deal with the determination of the state of an elementary quantum mechanical system by the associated position and momentum distribution. This book is of value to physicists, mathematicians, and researchers who are interested in quantum theory.

  • Tree Rings and Climate

    • 1st Edition
    • H Fritts
    • English
    Tree Rings and Climate deals with the principles of dendrochronology, with emphasis on tree-ring studies involving climate-related problems. This book looks at the spatial and temporal variations in tree-ring growth and how they can be used to reconstruct past climate. Factors and conditions that appear most relevant to tree-ring research are highlighted. Comprised of nine chapters, this book opens with an overview of the basic biological facts and principles of tree growth, as well as the most important terms, principles, and concepts of dendrochronology. The discussion then shifts to the basic biology governing the response of ring width to variation in climate; systematic variations in the width and cell structure of annual tree rings; and the significance of tree growth and structure to dendroclimatology. The movement of materials and internal water relations of trees are also considered, along with photosynthesis, respiration, and the climatic and environmental system. Models of the growth-climate relationships as well as the basic statistics and methods of analysis of these relationships are described. The final chapter includes a general discussion of dendroclimatographic data and presents examples of statistical models that are useful for reconstructing spatial variations in climate. This monograph will be of interest to climatologists, college students, and practitioners in fields such as botany, archaeology, hydrology, oceanography, biology, physiology, forestry, and geophysics.

  • Physical Acoustics V5

    Principles and Methods
    • 1st Edition
    • Warren P. Mason
    • English
    Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume V focuses on high frequency sound waves in liquids, solids, and gases, which are powerful tools for analyzing the molecular, domain wall, defect, and other types of motions that can take place in these media. This book discusses the measurements and techniques used for studying the effects of impurities on the anelastic properties of crystalline quartz. Comprised of six chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the various effects that can take place when waves are propagated in solids subject to high magnetic fields. This text then discusses the velocity changes and attenuation in solid and liquid metals. Other chapters consider the transmission of sound waves in superconductors and explore the giant quantum oscillations at high magnetic fields. This book discusses as well the X-ray diffraction topological method for investigating resonant vibrations. The final chapter deals with the transmission of hypersonic sound waves. This book is a valuable resource for physicists and engineers.

  • Man's Impact on Climate

    • 1st Edition
    • Wilfred Bach
    • English
    Man’s Impact on Climate provides a technical review of various aspects of climate change. It deals not only with the general aspects of climate change but also with the climate/food and climate/energy interactions. This book is divided into three parts. The first part explores climate history, climate theory, and climate modeling. This part also offers climate models in which results from past climate events can be verified with paleoclimatic methods; hence, they serve as guides for interpreting future climate simulations. The second part deals with the external causes of climate change that are induced by man, such as altering the composition of the atmosphere, adding heat to the system and changing the characteristics of the earth’s surface. The third and last part focuses on the future climate and potential consequences of climatic changes. It also offers a few constructive solutions in reference to the carbon dioxide problem. Scientists and government officials involved in climate research may find this book valuable.

  • Contemporary Nonlinear Optics

    • 1st Edition
    • Robert Boyd
    • English
    Contemporary Nonlinear Optics discusses the different activities in the field of nonlinear optics. The book is comprised of 10 chapters. Chapter 1 presents a description of the field of nonlinear guided-wave optics. Chapter 2 surveys a new branch of nonlinear optics under the heading optical solitons. Chapter 3 reviews recent progress in the field of optical phase conjugation. Chapter 4 discusses ultrafast nonlinear optics, a field that is growing rapidly with the ability of generating and controlling femtosecond optical pulses. Chapter 5 examines a branch of nonlinear optics that may be termed nonlinear quantum optics. Chapter 6 reviews the new field of photorefractive adaptive neural networks. Chapter 7 presents a discussion of recent successes in the development of nonlinear optical media based on organic materials. Chapter 8 reviews the field of nonlinear optics in quantum confined structures. Chapter 9 reviews the field of nonlinear laser spectroscopy, with emphasis on advances made during the 1980s. Finally, Chapter 10 reviews the field of nonlinear optical dynamics by considering nonlinear optical systems that exhibit temporal, spatial, or spatio-temporal instabilities. This book is a valuable source for physicists and other scientists interested in optical systems and neural networks.

  • Controlled Fusion

    • 1st Edition
    • John Killeen
    • English
    Methods in Computational Physics, Volume 16: Controlled Fusion considers the full variety of computer models needed for the simulation of realistic fusion devices. These computer models include time-dependent magnetohydrodynamics... plasma transport in a magnetic field, MHD and guiding-center equilibria, MHD stability of confinement systems, Vlasov and particle models, and multispecies Fokker-Planck codes. This volume is divided into 11 chapters. The first three chapters discuss various aspects of the numerical solution of the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The subsequent chapters present the more realistic models, including the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. Other chapters describe two-dimensional codes with varies choice of coordinate systems, such as fixed Eulerian grid, Lagrangian descriptions, and the use of magnetic flux surfaces as coordinate surfaces. The discussion then shifts to models on the inclusion of neutrals and impurities, as well as the use of empirical transport coefficients. A chapter surveys the development of time-dependent codes to support the design and operation of major CTR experiment. The final chapters explore the electromagnetic codes in the nonradiative limit (Darwin model) where the equations are nonrelativistic and displacement currents are neglected. This book is an invaluable source for geoscientists, physicists, and mathematicians.

  • Semiconductor Materials Analysis and Fabrication Process Control

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 34
    • G.M. Crean + 2 more
    • English
    There is a growing awareness that the successful implementation of novel material systems and technology steps in the fabrication of microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, is critically dependent on the understanding and control of the materials, the process steps and their interactions. The contributions in this volume demonstrate that characterisation and analysis techniques are an essential support mechanism for research in these fields. Current major research themes are reviewed both in the development and application of diagnostic techniques for advanced materials analysis and fabrication process control. Two distinct trends are elucidated: the emergence and evaluation of sophisticated in situ optical diagnostic techniques such as photoreflectance and spectroellipsometry and the industrial application of ultra-high sensitivity chemical analysis techniques for contamination monitoring. The volume will serve as a useful and timely overview of this increasingly important field.

  • Physical Acoustics V9

    Principles and Methods
    • 1st Edition
    • Warren P. Mason
    • English
    Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume IX includes four chapters that are device-oriented and devoted to understanding electron drag stresses on dislocations and difference in flow stress between the normal and superconducting states of Type I and Type II superconductors. Chapter 1 explains that when a dislocation moves through a crystal, it gives up energy to the medium either through a nonlinear motion over a dynamic Peierls barrier or through conversion of energy by scattering of electrons or phonons, which takes place with an energy loss proportional to the velocity. The next chapter discusses the propagation of ultrasonic surface waves in thin layers. The thin layer confines a surface wave laterally, providing a desired dispersion characteristic, acting as part of a transducer for generating surface waves, or providing an interaction region for other phenomena. Chapter 3 deals with a generation of solid state control elements that utilize the inverse piezoelectric effect. The last chapter provides approximate equations for coupled resonators and methods for accurately controlling the band frequency and bandwidth. This book is a useful reference for students and physicists working on physical acoustics.

  • The Optics of Rays, Wavefronts, and Caustics

    • 1st Edition
    • O Stavroudis
    • English
    The Optics of Rays, Wavefronts, and Caustics presents the fundamental principles of geometrical optics and its unique role in modern technology. It also discusses the procedures used in optical design, which are based on geometrical optics. Organized into 16 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the underlying general mathematical facts, which constitute the substance of geometrical optics. It then presents the various techniques used to solve the ray and wavefront problems in general inhomogeneous medium. Other chapters consider the concept of ray tracing as a tool for calculating the principal curvatures of a wavefront as it propagates through a lens. In addition, the book tackles several topics, including the aspects of lens design, as well as a system of equations that are similar to the Maxwell equations. The last chapter deals with orthotomic systems of rays. Optical designers, optical physicists, theoretical physicists, and mathematicians will find the information and methods in this book extremely useful.

  • Optical Spectra of Transparent Rare Earth Compounds

    • 1st Edition
    • S. Hufner
    • English
    Optical Spectra of Transparent Rare Earth Compounds investigates the optical spectra of transparent rare earth (RE) compounds such as europium chalcogenides. Emphasis is placed on the underlying physics in selected examples, and theoretical results are usually presented without proof in a form that allows their application to the interpretation of experimental data. This book is comprised of 11 chapters and begins with an overview of the spectra of RE ions in ionic crystals, paying particular attention to the sharpness of many lines in the absorption and emission spectra. How these very narrow lines arise, what interactions determine their energy, and how they can be used to investigate particular properties of the solid state are explained in detail. Subsequent chapters explore the energy structure of RE free ions in solids; trivalent RE ions in a static crystal field and in a phonon field; magnetic interactions and hyperfine interactions; and Jahn-Teller systems. The absorption spectra of europium chalcogenides are also considered, along with REs in glasses and RE lasers. This monograph is written primarily for solid state physicists and those who need an overall view of the basic features of rare earth spectra in transparent solids, such as new workers.

  • Wide-band-gap Semiconductors

    • 1st Edition
    • C.G. Van de Walle
    • English
    Wide-band-gap semiconductors have been a research topic for many decades. However, it is only in recent years that the promise for technological applications came to be realized; simultaneously an upsurge of experimental and theoretical activity in the field has been witnessed. Semiconductors with wide band gaps exhibit unique electronic and optical properties. Their low intrinsic carrier concentrations and high breakdown voltage allow high-temperature and high-power applications (diamond, SiC etc.). The short wavelength of band-to-band transitions allows emission in the green, blue, or even UV region of the spectrum (ZnSe, GaN, etc.). In addition, many of these materials have favorable mechanical and thermal characteristics.Thes... proceedings reflect the exciting progress made in this field. Successful p-type doping of ZnSe has recently led to the fabrication of blue-green injection lasers in ZnSe; applications of short-wavelength light-emitting devices range from color displays to optical storage. In SiC, advances in growth techniques for bulk as well as epitaxial material have made the commercial production of high-temperature and high-frequency devices possible. For GaN, refinement of growth procedures and new ways of obtaining doped material have resulted in blue-light-emitting diodes and opened the road to the development of laser diodes. Finally, while the quality of artificial diamond is not yet high enough for electronic applications, the promise it holds in terms of unique material properties is encouraging intense activity in the field.This volume contains contributions from recognized experts presently working on different material systems in the field. The papers cover the theoretical, experimental and application-oriented aspects of this exciting topic.

  • Vibrational Spectra of Benzene Derivatives

    • 1st Edition
    • G Varsanyi
    • English
    Vibrational Spectra of Benzene Derivatives specifically deals with the problems of the vibrational spectra of benzene and its derivatives. The book is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 explains the concepts of the electronic and electronic-vibration spectra, vibrational spectra, and rotational spectra. Chapter 2 tackles the normal co-ordinate analysis of the benzene molecule; the force field of substituted benzene derivatives; and elementary problems of intensity analysis. Chapter 3 covers the normal vibrations of benzene and its derivatives, which include tangential vibrations; out-of-plane vibrations; and internal vibrations of substituent groups. The book also contains an appendix dedicated for the frequency region of different normal vibrations of benzene derivatives. The text is recommended for chemists who are intrigued with the problems related to the vibrational spectra of benzene derivatives and are in need of a reference book.

  • Ion Implantation Science and Technology

    • 2nd Edition
    • J.F. Ziegler
    • English
    Ion Implantation Science and Technology: Second Edition, just like the first edition, serves as both an introduction and tutorial to the science, techniques, and machines involved in the subject. The book is divided into two parts - Part 1: Ion Implantation Science and Part 2: Ion Implantation Technology. Part 1 covers topics such as the stopping and range of ions in solids; ion implantation damage in silicon; experimental annealing and activation; and the measurement on ion implantation. Part 2 includes ion optics and focusing on implanter design; photoresist problems and particle contamination; ion implantation diagnostics and process control; and emission of ionizing radiation from ion implanters. The text is recommended for engineers who would like to be acquainted with the principles and processes behind ion implantation or make studies on the field.

  • Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films 1991

    • 1st Edition
    • G.E. McGuire + 2 more
    • English
    The contributions in this two-volume set represent the work of over two hundred international researchers from universities, government laboratories and industry, with diverse backgrounds and interests in a wide range of coatings and thin film processes. The two hundred and six papers attest to the fact that Metallurgical Coatings is a rapidly growing field attracting experts from the large materials, scientific and technical community. The papers will be a useful and dynamic tool for those wishing to increase their knowledge on metallurgical coatings, as well as providing a guide to recent literature in this field.

  • Atomic Radiative Processes

    • 1st Edition
    • Peter R. Fontana
    • English
    Atomic Radiative Processes provides a unified treatment of the theory of atomic radiative processes. Fourier transforms are used to obtain solutions of time-dependent Schrödinger equations, and coupled differential equations are transformed to coupled linear equations that in most cases can be readily solved. This book consists of nine chapters and begins with an overview of some of the properties of the classical field and its interaction with particles, focusing on those aspects needed for a better understanding of quantum theory. The Hamiltonian formalism is used to quantize the field, and the density of states of the radiation field is considered. The following chapters focus on a few Fourier transform techniques and their application to such areas as coherence properties of the field and amplitude and intensity correlations; the theory of angular momentum; the properties of irreducible tensors; quantization of the radiation field; and photon states. The interaction of a two-level atom with single modes of the radiation field is also discussed, along with spontaneous emission and decay processes; the evolution of coupled atomic states; the frequency distribution of emitted radiation; and radiative excitation and fluorescence. This monograph is intended for students and researchers in pure and applied physics.

  • Spectroscopy of the earth's Atmosphere and interstellar Medium

    • 1st Edition
    • K.N. Rao
    • English
    Spectroscopy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Interstellar Medium focuses on the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum of the Earth's atmosphere in the far-infrared and microwave regions. It discusses the modes of observation in field measurements and reviews the two techniques used in the spectral region. Organized into six chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the effect of water-vapor absorption, followed by a discussion on the two frequently used method for deriving atmospheric parameters from high-resolution infrared atmospheric spectra, namely, the equivalent width (EW) technique and the nonlinear least-square fitting (NLSF). Other chapters consider the mechanisms by which interstellar clouds are formed. In addition, the book explores the composition of interstellar clouds, ion-molecule reactions, and the formation of stars. This book will be useful to anyone involved in, or interested in learning more about the field of atmospheric spectroscopy, including scientists, aeronomers, astronomers, astrophysicists, and students.

  • Comminution 1994

    • 1st Edition
    • K.S.E. Forssberg + 1 more
    • English
    This publication is the result of the 8th European Conference on Comminution. Containing many significant contributions concerning the topic of Comminution, the book gives the reader a vital insight into the subject.

  • Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides 2e

    • 2nd Edition
    • Paul Liao
    • English
    Theory of Dialectric Optical Waveguides, Second Edition focuses on the practical usage of optical waveguides. This book explores the rapid growth of integrated optics, which is devoted to the development of microscopic optical circuits based on thin film technology. Organized into nine chapters, this edition starts with an overview of the properties of dielectric slab waveguides. This book then examines the theory of directional couplers with and without diffraction gratings. Other chapters describe the numerical methods for solving guided mode as well as wave propagation problems. This text discusses as well the beam propagation method and the popular effective refractive index method. The final chapter deals with the significance of nonlinear phenomena. This book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students of physics and electrical engineering. Practicing engineers and scientists in the fields of integrated optics, optical communications, and fiber sensors will find this book extremely useful.

  • Atomic Inner-Shell Processes

    • 1st Edition
    • Bernd Crasemann
    • English
    Ionization and Transition Probabilities is the first volume in Atomic Inner Shell Processes which describes the relative status of the physics of atomic inner shells. Both volumes can be applied and used in various traditional scientific disciplines. Volume I consists of 11 chapters written by different authors, each an expert in the field. The book discusses mainly the inner-shell excitation by electrons, heavy-charged particles, and photons and the atomic excitation as seen in nuclear decay. The theory of radiative and radiationless transitions is also explored in terms of single-particle descriptions and many-body approaches. Other major concepts covered in this comprehensive volume include the developments in theory of multiple decay processes; transition energies and their calculations; and energy shifts that are results of chemical environment and hyperfine interactions. This first volume serves as a valuable reference to many scientists and researchers in various fields like atomic and nuclear physics, astrophysics, chemistry, surface and materials science, and engineering or radiation shields.

  • Nonlinear Electromagnetics

    • 1st Edition
    • Piergiorgio Uslenghi
    • English
    Nonlinear Electromagnetics is a collection of research papers from different areas of study related to the nonlinear phenomena in electromagnetism. The book, after giving a short introduction to some mathematical techniques for nonlinear problems, covers related topics such as the history of particle physics; a physical description of the spectral transform; solitons in randomly inhomogenous media; and localized wave fields in nonlinear dispersive media. Also covered in this book are topics such as non-linear plasma-wave interaction; Lagrangian methods; electromagnetic problems in composite materials in linear and nonlinear regimes; and stationary regimes in passive nonlinear methods. The text is recommended for physicists and engineers interested in the development and applications of nonlinear electromagnetic and the mathematical expressions behind it.

  • Hadamard transform optics

    • 1st Edition
    • Martin Harwit
    • English
    Hadamard Transform Optics focuses on Hadamard transform optics and Hadamard encoded optical instruments. The techniques developed to date are described, and a unified mathematical treatment that should facilitate comparisons between different classes of instruments is presented. With this approach, encoded Hadamard transform spectrometers are discussed in very much the same way as encoded imaging devices. The advantages offered by singly and multiply encoded instruments designed for a wide variety of purposes are also considered. This book is comprised of seven chapters and begins with an introduction to optical multiplexing techniques, as well as the connections with weighing designs, along with the best masks for use in optical instruments and the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio that should be produced by multiplexing. Spectrometers which make use of multiplexing, including the Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers and Golay's multislit spectrometers, are then described. Subsequent chapters deal with the basic theory of Hadamard transform spectrometers and imagers; factors that affect the signal-to-noise ratio; and instrumental considerations and systematic errors in instruments. The final chapter looks at some of the applications of Hadamard transform optics, including image processing and in fields such as astronomy and medicine. This monograph will be a useful resource for physicists.

  • Electron Scattering From Complex Nuclei V36A

    • 1st Edition
    • Herbert Uberall
    • English
    Electron Scattering from Complex Nuclei, Part A covers the historical phases of experimental development in elastic and inelastic electron scattering. This five-chapter text presents the logical development of the underlying theory of electron scattering. After briefly discussing the history of electron scattering from nuclei, this book goes on describing the theory of elastic scattering from a point nucleus, both with Born approximation and the accurate solution of the Dirac equation, as well as the corresponding experiments. The following chapter considers the analysis of nuclear charge distributions experiments using Born cross section and phase-shift methods. A chapter is devoted to the complete elastic and inelastic Born theory. This chapter also deals with the derivation of a theorem on the general form of the electron-nucleus scattering cross section, with an emphasis on the influence of the neglected transverse interaction on the cross section. The last chapter presents the status of elastic scattering along with some topics in muonic atoms that also determine nuclear charge densities. This book will be of great benefit to physicists, researchers, and graduate students who are interested in nuclear structure problems.

  • Fusion Part B

    Magnetic confinement Part B
    • 1st Edition
    • Edward Teller
    • English
    Fusion, Volume I: Magnetic Confinement, Part B is the second of the two-part volume that covers the complexity and application of controlled magnetic fusion. This part is composed of nine chapters and begins with a description of the heating methods, equilibrium, and stability of linear magnetic fusion systems. The next chapters deal with the principles, configuration, and application of high-beta stellarator, fast-linear-compress... fusion systems, and ELMO Bumpy torus, as well as the magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas. These topics are followed by discussions of the neutral-beam injection; the regimes of radio-frequency heating of magnetically confined plasma; and the performance requirements of magnetic fusion reactors. The final chapters describe the basic processes in the fusion-fission fuel factory and some basic considerations for advanced-fuel reactors. This book will be of great value to physicists, physics students, and researchers.

  • Macromolecular Physics V1

    • 1st Edition
    • Bernhard Wunderlich
    • English
    Macromolecular Physics, Volume 1: Crystal Structure, Morphology, Defects provides a unified treatment of crystals of linear macromolecules. This book is organized into four chapters: structure of macromolecules, microscopic structure of crystals, crystal morphology, and defect crystal. This publication specifically discusses the macromolecular hypothesis, molecular conformation, and synthesis of macromolecules. The discovery and proof of the lattice theory, structures of minimum free energy, and crystal structures of macromolecules are also deliberated. This publication likewise covers the macromolecular crystals, macroscopic recognition of defects, and deformation of polymer crystals. This volume is a good reference for physicists, scientists, and specialists concerned with research on crystals of linear macromolecules.

  • Spherical Astronomy

    • 1st Edition
    • Edgar Woolard
    • English
    Spherical Astronomy provides a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental principles of positional astronomy. The text focuses on the principles of spherical astronomy and the theory of fundamental astronomical observations. Discussions are made on topics such as the celestial sphere and the nature of the reference systems of astronomy; the geometric aspects of the celestial sphere in relation to geographic position; systems of time measurement based on the rotation of the earth; and the inertial reference system. Astronomers and astrophysicists will find the book highly insightful.

  • Facets of Physics

    • 1st Edition
    • D. Allan Bromley
    • English
    Facets of Physics contains the major papers in the symposium on May 3, 1968 dedicated to Gregory Breit's honor. This book covers different facets of physics and the contributions made by Breit. The book reviews the development of the current knowledge of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, the status of understanding on the nuclear matter, and the detailed treatment of the finite nuclei. It also examines the consequences of the short-range nature of nuclear forces, the importance of the Breit interaction in atomic physics and quantum thermodynamics, and different proton-proton scattering studies. This book is a good reading material for nuclear physicists and other scientists who are interested in atomic physics and quantum thermodynamics.

  • Multiple Light Scattering

    Tables, Formulas, and Applications
    • 1st Edition
    • H Van de Hulst
    • English
    Multiple Light Scattering: Tables, Formulas, and Applications, Volume 1 serves to give concise and handy information related to multiple scattering theory in such a way that the reader would not have to rely on extensive literature on the subject. The book is divided into two parts. Part I: General Theory covers the basic concepts, terms, and notations related to multiple scattering theory; exponential integrals and related functions; reciprocity and detailed balance; different related methods; and homogenous atmospheres with arbitrary phase function and single-scattering albedo. Part II: Isotropic Scattering discusses related concepts such as solutions using the Milne operator; semi-infinite atmospheres; the H-functions; and finite slabs. The text is recommended for practitioners in optics, atmospheric physics, astronomy, and other fields that need a reference book in the subject of multiple light scattering.

  • Doppler Radar and Weather Observations

    • 1st Edition
    • Richard J. Doviak
    • English
    Doppler Radar and Weather Observations deals with the use of Doppler radar to make observations of a variety of weather phenomena such as tornado vortices, hurricanes, and lightning channels. Topics covered include electromagnetic waves and propagation; weather echo signals; Doppler spectra of weather echoes; and meteorological radar signal processing. Rain and turbulence measurements are also considered, along with observations of winds, storms, and related phenomena. Comprised of 11 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to weather radar principles and how the radar parameters and signal characteristics relate to the target's meteorological properties. The effect of the atmosphere on the path of the signal is then examined, together with techniques used in extracting a target's properties from its echoes. The radar signal path from the transmitter, through the antenna, along the beam to the target, and on its return to the receiver is also discussed. Subsequent chapters explore the discrete Fourier transform and its application to weather echo signals; the weather Doppler spectrum and the signal processing methods used to derive its principal moments; range and Doppler velocity ambiguities as they pertain to distributed targets; and the limitations imposed by antenna sidelobes, ground clutter, signal decorrelation, and power. A comprehensive treatment of pulse compression and the Doppler processing of frequency modulated signals is given. This monograph should be of value to oceanographers, meteorologists, atmospheric scientists, and radar engineers, as well as students and researchers interested in Doppler radar principles.

  • Plasma Waves

    • 1st Edition
    • D.G. Swanson
    • English
    Plasma Waves discusses the basic development and equations for the many aspects of plasma waves. The book is organized into two major parts, examining both linear and nonlinear plasma waves in the eight chapters it encompasses. After briefly discussing the properties and applications of plasma wave, the book goes on examining the wave types in a cold, magnetized plasma and the general forms of the dispersion relation that characterize the waves and label the various types of solutions. Chapters 3 and 4 analyze the acoustic phenomena through the fluid model of plasma and the kinetic effects. These chapters also describe the averaging process for the fluid element motion using expanded Boltzmann equation for each species in a velocity moment expansion, truncating the expansion at some suitable level, depending on the particular problem. The remaining four chapters discuss the effects of adding sharp boundaries, slowly varying inhomogeneities, nonlinearities at several levels, and turbulent plasmas. Supplementary texts on complex variables and the special functions in plasma physics are provided in the concluding section of this text. The book is an advanced text for graduate students who have had an introductory plasma course at some level.

  • External Senses

    • 1st Edition
    • A.C. Damask
    • English
    External Senses, the second volume in the series Medical Physics, focuses on the electrophysiology and biophysics of the receptors as these are common in each species. This book also briefly discusses brain pathways but the topic on synapsing mechanism and brain electrophysiology are covered in the last volume. This volume focuses on the category of senses which respond to external stimuli - taste, smell, touch, hearing, and vision. The results of research presented in this volume, although limited in terms of medical applications because they are not precisely defined, pave the way towards medical treatment in the future. The topics of each chapter focus on broad areas such as: gustation, olfaction, cutaneous sensation, audition, vision, and psychophysics. This book is a helpful tool for all undergraduates, premedical students, and postgraduate students of various scientific disciplines.

  • Physics in the Modern World

    • 1st Edition
    • Jerry Marion
    • English
    Physics in the Modern World focuses on the applications of physics in a world dominated by technology and the many ways that physical ideas are manifest in everyday situations, from the operation of rockets and cameras to space travel and X-ray photography. Automobile air bags, drag racing, artificial gravity, and pollution control, as well as appliance economics, musical instruments, radar, and other modern phenomena and devices are discussed to emphasize the way that physical principles are applied in today's world. Comprised of 21 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to physical ideas, with particular reference to some of the rules by which nature governs the microscopic (or small-scale) world of atoms and the macroscopic (or large-scale) realm of everyday objects, the Earth, planets, and stars. The discussion then turns to the microworld of physics and its fundamental building blocks - electrons, protons, and neutrons - and how they combine to form atoms, molecules, and nuclei. Subsequent chapters explore motion, heat, wave, and energy, as well as the basic forces in nature. Electricity, relativity, liquids and gases, and radiation are also discussed. This monograph is intended for physics students who are specializing in other disciplines.

  • Spin Waves and Magnetic Excitations

    • 1st Edition
    • English
    Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, Volume 22.2: Spin Waves and Magnetic Excitations focuses on the processes, methodologies, reactions, principles, and approaches involved in spin waves and magnetic excitations, including magnetic systems, fluctuations, resonance, and spin dynamics. The selection first elaborates on spin-wave resonance in metals, excitations in low-dimensional magnetic systems, and the theory of magnetic excitations in disordered systems. Topics include spin waves in ferromagnets with weak fluctuations of the exchange interaction; dynamics of propagating excitations; models of two-dimensional magnetic systems; spin-wave resonance in bulk metals; and standing spin-wave resonance in thin films. The manuscript then ponders on spin dynamics of amorphous magnets and magnetic excitations in spin glasses, including dynamics in reentrant spin glasses, dynamics of classical spin glasses, spin dynamical theory, spin dynamics of locally isotropic materials, and effects of dilution. The book takes a look at nuclear spin and magnetoelastic excitations and magnetic impuritons in antiferromagnetic dielectric crystals. Discussions focus on coherent and incoherent impurity excitations, equations of motion and the energy of a magnetoelastic medium, magnetoelastic excitations near magnetic orientational phase transitions, and the effect of frequency pulling on the behavior of nuclear spin echo signals. The selection is a vital source of data for researchers interested in spin waves and magnetic excitations.

  • A User's Guide to Ellipsometry

    • 1st Edition
    • Harland G. Tompkins
    • English
    This book is specifically designed for the user who wishes expanded use of ellipsometry beyond the relatively limited number of turn-key applications. The book provides a concise discussion of theory and instrumentation before describing how to use optical parameters to determine material properties and optical parameters for inaccessible substrates and unknown films, and how to measure extremely thin films. The book also addresses polysilicon, a material commonly used in the microelectronics industry, and the effect of substrate roughness. This book's concepts and applications are reinforced through the 14 case studies that illustrate specific applications of ellipsometry from the semiconductor industry as well as studies involving corrosion and oxide growth.

  • University Physics

    • 1st Edition
    • George Arfken
    • English
    University Physics provides an authoritative treatment of physics. This book discusses the linear motion with constant acceleration; addition and subtraction of vectors; uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion; and electrostatic energy of a charged capacitor. The behavior of materials in a non-uniform magnetic field; application of Kirchhoff's junction rule; Lorentz transformations; and Bernoulli's equation are also deliberated. This text likewise covers the speed of electromagnetic waves; origins of quantum physics; neutron activation analysis; and interference of light. This publication is beneficial to physics, engineering, and mathematics students intending to acquire a general knowledge of physical laws and conservation principles.

  • An Introduction To Solar Radiation

    • 1st Edition
    • Muhammad Iqbal
    • English
    An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces. The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students.

  • Finite-Size Scaling

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 2
    • J. Cardy
    • English
    Over the past few years, finite-size scaling has become an increasingly important tool in studies of critical systems. This is partly due to an increased understanding of finite-size effects by analytical means, and partly due to our ability to treat larger systems with large computers. The aim of this volume was to collect those papers which have been important for this progress and which illustrate novel applications of the method. The emphasis has been placed on relatively recent developments, including the use of the &egr;-expansion and of conformal methods.

  • Handbook of Optical Holography

    • 1st Edition
    • H. J. Caulfield
    • English
    Handbook of Optical Holography is composed of 10 chapters that readers can turn to for specific questions regarding holography. This book begins by elucidating the classification of holograms, major types of holograms, and variations. The text then explains the image formation, cardinal points and principal rays for holography, equipment, and procedures. This book also tackles special problems and application areas of this technology. This text will be valuable to people who want to apply holography—whether to industry, government, health services, education, or research.

  • Thermal Field Theories

    • 1st Edition
    • H. Ezawa + 2 more
    • English
    Theories of quantum fields at non-zero temperature have been steadily developed for well over a decade. In 1988, as a result of the increased demand for communication among theorists working in different fields ranging from condensed matter physics to high energy physics and astrophysics, the first international meeting was organized (the proceedings of which have been published in Physica A 158, 1989). This 2nd workshop covers similar fields, namely equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics, quantum optics, high-temperature gauge-field theories, string theories, statistical theories of gravitation and cosmology. The resulting proceedings reflect the progress made in the respective fields, identify the major common problems and suggest possible directions for their solutions.

  • Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

    • 1st Edition
    • J Kestin
    • English
    Lectures on Theoretical Physics, Volume V: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics discusses the significant developments and problems in the study of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. This volume contains five chapters. The first two chapters provide an overview of the various aspects and applications of thermodynamics. Chapter III contains a preliminary introduction to statistical mechanics, with an emphasis on the Brownian motion, which is the most important example of statistical fluctuations. Chapter IV describes the Boltzmann’s original form of combinatorial method, in which the molecules of a gas are endowed with a physically real existence. This chapter also considers the various numerical combinations that govern the way in which the mutually indistinguishable particles are distributed over the states constituting the substance of the statistics. Chapter V explores the behavior of molecules in perfect gases following the course of historical development. This chapter covers an exact formulation of the kinetic theory of gases. Physics teachers and students will find this book invaluable.

  • Nanostructures and Mesoscopic systems

    • 1st Edition
    • Wiley Kirk
    • English
    Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems presents the proceedings of the International Symposium held in Santa Fe, New Mexico on May 20-24, 1991. The book discusses nanostructure physics; nanostructures in motion; and advances in nanostructure fabrication. The text also describes ballistic transport and coherence; low-dimensional tunneling; and electron correlation and coulomb blockade. Banostructure arrays and collective effects; the theory and modeling of nanostructures; and mesoscopic systems are also encompassed. The book further tackles the optical properties of nanostructures.

  • Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory

    • 1st Edition
    • William Menke
    • English
    Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory is an introductory text focusing on discrete inverse theory that is concerned with parameters that either are truly discrete or can be adequately approximated as discrete. Organized into 12 chapters, the book’s opening chapters provide a general background of inverse problems and their corresponding solution, as well as some of the basic concepts from probability theory that are applied throughout the text. Chapters 3-7 discuss the solution of the canonical inverse problem, that is, the linear problem with Gaussian statistics, and discussions on problems that are non-Gaussian and nonlinear are covered in Chapters 8 and 9. Chapters 10-12 present examples of the use of inverse theory and a discussion on the numerical algorithms that must be employed to solve inverse problems on a computer. This book is of value to graduate students and many college seniors in the applied sciences.

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