Semiconducting Ore Minerals

Introduction Definition of ore mineral Occurrence of ore minerals Mineral conductivity Significance of conductivity ReferencesPart One: Principles Chapter 1. Electronic Structure Energy units Wave mechanics Independent-electron approximation Atomic structure Electronic energy levels in ionic crystals Packing of spheres Ionic radii Transition metal ions Covalence Delocalized electrons Energy bands Bond type Summary References Chapter 2. Conduction Mechanism Measurement of conductivity or resistivity Electrical anisotropy Drude theory Electronic units Mobility Hopping Electron-hole equilibrium Donors and acceptors Native atomic disorder Defect association Screening Defect equilibrium calculations Intrinsic semiconduction Trapping equilibria Compensation Nonstoichiometry Impurities Dielectrics Conductivity versus temperature Resistivity versus pressure Summary References Chapter 3. Other Electronic Properties Description of alternating-field electrical response Conduction versus polarization Mechanisms of alternating-field electrical response Free-carrier absorption Interband transitions Lattice polarization Dipole orientation Magnetic susceptibility Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Magnetic order Galvanomagnetic effects Thermal conductivity Thermoelectricity Summary References Chapter 4. Heterogeneity and the Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface Mixture formulas Application to ore conductivity Maxwell-Wagner effect Observation of the Maxwell-Wagner effect P-N junctions Other electronic interfaces Composition of mineral waters Conductivity of mineral waters Water in alternating electric fields Semiconductor-electrolyte interface Interface charge distribution Interface capacitance Zeta potential and adsorption Electrode potential Electrode potentials of common sulfides Reaction impedance Diffusion impedance Equivalent circuits Induced polarization Types of interface reactions Summary ReferencesPart Two: Elements Chapter 5. Bismuth - Bi Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Structure Bonding Band structure Band gap and overlap Effective mass Mobility Impurities Summary References Chapter 6. Copper - Cu Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Structure Bonding Band structure Effective mass Mobility Impurities Summary References Chapter 7. Graphite - C Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Structure Bonding Band structure Band overlap Effective mass Mobility Structural imperfections Impurity Summary ReferencesPart Three: Sulfides Chapter 8. Arsenopyrite - FeAsS Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Marcasite structure Arsenopyrite structure Magnetism Bonding Band structure Conductivity activation energy Energy gap Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurities Lllingite Safflorite Summary References Chapter 9. Bornite Cu5FeS4 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Structure High temperature resistivity Bonding Magnetism Band structure Defect ionization Nonstoichiometry Impurity Summary References Chapter 10. Chalcocite - Cu2-xS Occurrence Mineralogy Resistivity and type Structure Ionic mobility Bonding Band structure Hole mobility Effective mass Defect ionization Nonstoichiometry and carrier concentration Summary References Chapter 11. Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Structure Magnetic structure Bonding Band gap Band structure Mobility Defect ionization Nonstoichiometry: metal/sulfur ratio Nonstoichiometry: Cu/Fe ratio Impurities Cubanite Summary References Chapter 12. Covellite - CuS Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Structure Bonding Band structure Nonstoichiometry and impurity Summary References Chapter 13. Galena - PbS Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Structure Bonding Band structure Energy gap Fourfold degeneracy of electronic states Effective mass Mobility Carrier concentration Nonstoichiometry Impurities Summary References Chapter 14. Molybdenite - MoS2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Anisotropy Frequency effect Structure Bonding Energy gap Band structure Effective mass Hole mobility Electron mobility Defect ionization Nonstoichiometry Impurities Summary References Chapter 15. Pyrrhotite - Fe1-xS Occurrence Related minerals Composition Resistivity Anisotropy Type Crystal structure Magnetic structure Bonding Band structure Impurities Summary References Chapter 16. Pyrite - FeS2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Structure Bonding Band structure Energy gap Mobility Carrier concentration Defect ionization Nonstoichiometry Pyrite geothermometer Impurities Electrical properties of related minerals Summary References Chapter 17. Sphalerite - ZnS Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Structure Bonding Band structure Effective mass Mobility Defect chemistry Impurity conduction Summary References Chapter 18. Miscellaneous Supfides Argentite - Ag2S Cinnabar - HgS Enargite - Cu3AsS4 Pyrargyrite - Ag3SbS3 Proustite - Ag3 AsS3 Skutterudite - CoAs3 Stibnite - Sb2S3 Bismuthinite - Bi2S3 Tetrahedrite - Cu12Sb4S13 Tennantite - Cu12As4S13 ReferencesPart Four: Oxides Chapter 19. Cassiterite - CnO2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Structure Bonding Band structure Effective mass Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurities Summary References Chapter 20. Cuprite - Cu2O Occurrence Type and resistivity Structure Bonding Band structure Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurities Summary References Chapter 21. Hematite - ?-Fe2O3 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type and anisotropy Structure Magnetic structure Bonding Band structure Resistivity activation energy Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurities Ilmenite Summary References Chapter 22. Magnetite - Fe3O4 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity Type Structure Magnetic structure Bonding Band structure Mobility Nonstoichiometry and maghemite Titanomagnetite Exsolution Other impurities Verweys rule Jacobsite and hausmannite Chromite Summary References Chapter 23. Pyrolusite - MnO2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity and type Structure Magnetic structure Electric order (?) Bonding Band structure Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurities Summary References Chapter 24. Rutile - TiO2 Occurrence Related minerals Resistivity type and anisotropy Structure Bonding Band structure Mobility Nonstoichiometry Impurity Summary ReferencesSubject IndexMineral Index