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Elsevier

Books in Chemistry

Chemistry topic areas include: physical and theoretical, computational, organic, organometallic and inorganic, pharmaceutical and medicinal, analytical and bioanalytical, nuclear, general, nanochemistry, geochemistry, materials and polymer, as well as environmental, green and sustainable chemistry.

  • Adsorption of Gases on Heterogeneous Surfaces

    • 1st Edition
    • W. Rudzinski + 1 more
    • English
    All real solid surfaces are heterogeneous to a greater or lesser extent and this book provides a broad yet detailed survey of the present state of gas adsorption. Coverage is comprehensive and extends from basic principles to computer simulation of adsorption. Underlying concepts are clarified and the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods described are discussed.

  • Reaction In Condensed Phases

    • 1st Edition
    • Henry Eyring
    • English
    Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise: Reactions in Condensed Phases, Volume VII, deals with reactions in condensed phases. The purpose of this treatise is to present a comprehensive treatment of physical chemistry for advanced students and investigators in a reasonably small number of volumes. An attempt has been made to include all important topics in physical chemistry together with borderline subjects which are of particular interest and importance. The book begins by discussing the basic principles of reaction rates in solution. This is followed by separate chapters on estimating the rate parameters of elementary reactions; the use of correlation diagrams to interpret organic reactions; perturbation of reaction rates by substituents; and inorganic reactions. Subsequent chapters cover the important field of free radicals, including chain reactions and solvent effects; heterogeneous catalysis; various types of surface reactions; surface annealing; electron reactions; nucleation; and radiation chemistry. The book presents a broad picture of current developments in reaction rates in condensed phases in a form accessible to all students of chemical kinetics. This treatment, by experts in widely different areas, will hopefully meet many student needs and provide a useful overview for all.

  • The Chemistry of Catalytic Hydrocarbon Conversions

    • 1st Edition
    • Herman Pines
    • English
    The Chemistry of Catalytic Hydrocarbon Conversions covers the various chemical aspects of catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons. This book is composed of eight chapters that include catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methanol. The opening chapters examine various acid- and base-catalyzed reactions, such as isomerization, polymerization, oligomerization, alkylation, catalytic cracking, reforming, hydrocracking, and hydrogenation. The subsequent chapters are devoted to specific catalytic reactions, including heterogeneous hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, aromatization, and oxidation. Other chapters describe the homogeneous catalysis by transition metal organometallic catalysts and the metathesis of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The concluding chapter deals with the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methanol, and dimethyl ether. This book is of great benefit to petroleum chemists, engineers, and researchers.

  • Diffusion in Crystalline Solids

    • 1st Edition
    • G E Murch
    • English
    Diffusion in Crystalline Solids addresses some of the most active areas of research on diffusion in crystalline solids. Topics covered include measurement of tracer diffusion coefficients in solids, diffusion in silicon and germanium, atom transport in oxides of the fluorite structure, tracer diffusion in concentrated alloys, diffusion in dislocations, grain boundary diffusion mechanisms in metals, and the use of the Monte Carlo Method to simulate diffusion kinetics. This book is made up of eight chapters and begins with an introduction to the measurement of diffusion coefficients with radioisotopes. The following three chapters consider diffusion in materials of substantial technological importance such as silicon and germanium. Atomic transport in oxides of the fluorite structure is described, and diffusion in concentrated alloys, including intermetallic compounds, is analyzed. The next two chapters delve into diffusion along short-circuiting paths, focusing on the effect of diffusion down dislocations on the form of the tracer concentration profile. The book also discusses the mechanisms of diffusion in grain boundaries in metals by invoking considerable work done on grain-boundary structure. The last two chapters are concerned with computer simulation, paying particular attention to machine calculations and the Monte Carlo method. The book concludes by exploring the fundamental atomic migration process and presenting some state-of-the-art calculations for defect energies and the topology of the saddle surface. Students and researchers of material science will find this book extremely useful.

  • Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis

    • 1st Edition
    • Michael F. L'Annunziata
    • English
    Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is written by experts in the measurement of radioactivity. The book describes the broad scope of analytical methods available and instructs the reader on how to select the proper technique. It is intended as a practical manual for research which requires the accurate measurement of radioactivity at all levels, from the low levels encountered in the environment to the high levels measured in radioisotope research. This book contains sample preparation procedures, recommendations on steps to follow, necessary calculations, computer controlled analysis, and high sample throughput techniques. Each chapter includes practical techniques for application to nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, environmental analysis, weapons disarmament, and assays required for research in biomedicine and agriculture. The fundamentals of radioactivity properties, radionuclide decay, and methods of detection are included to provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures described in the book. Therefore, the Handbook can also be used as a teaching text.

  • Superionic Solids And Solid Electrolytes Recent Trends

    • 1st Edition
    • Amulya Laskar
    • English
    Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes: Recent Trends describes the fundamental aspects, unique properties, and potential applications of superionic solids and solid electrolytes. These materials significantly contribute to the development of the solid state ionics technology. This book is divided into 17 chapters, and begins with an overview of various materials, such as glasses, heterogeneous or dispersed phase conductors, proton conductors, Nasicon, and fluorites. These topics are followed by a discussion on the problems related with entropy effects, subsurface space charge, and defect formation parameters. Significant chapters deal with the phenomenological, fractal, molecular dynamics, fluctuations, and correlations in superionic solid and solid electrolyte materials. A chapter tackles the solid state battery applications of solid electrolytes. This text ends with a chapter on the prediction of the potentials of activity in superionics. This book will be of value to graduate students and researchers who are interested in the solid state ionics technology.

  • Organoborane Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Thomas Onak
    • English
    Organoborane Chemistry deals with the chemistry of organoboranes, with emphasis on compounds containing a carbon-boron bond. The structure and physical properties of organoboranes are discussed, along with the reactions of three-coordinate and four-coordinate organoboranes, organodiboranes, and other organopolyboranes such as organotetraboranes and organopentaborane compounds. Comprised of seven chapters, this book begins with an overview of multistep synthetic or degradative reactions involving organoboron compounds, along with the nomenclature for such compounds. The next chapter examines the structure and physical properties of organoboranes, with emphasis on boron-carbon bond lengths, electronic transitions, and molecular orbital calculations. Subsequent chapters focus on three-coordinate and four-coordinate organoboranes, together with their synthesis, reactions, and properties; hydroboration and dehydroboration of organodiboranes; and the synthesis, reactions, and physical properties of other organopolyboranes such as organotetraboranes, organopentaborane compounds, and organodecaborane compounds. The final chapter is devoted to cyclic boron-carbon systems and the applications of organoboron compounds. This monograph should be of interest to organic chemists.

  • Computational Statistical Mechanics

    • 1st Edition
    • W.G. Hoover
    • English
    Computational Statistical Mechanics describes the use of fast computers to simulate the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of gases, liquids, and solids at, and away from equilibrium. The underlying theory is developed from basic principles and illustrated by applying it to the simplest possible examples.Thermodynam... based on the ideal gas thermometer, is related to Gibb's statistical mechanics through the use of Nosé-Hoover heat reservoirs. These reservoirs use integral feedback to control temperature. The same approach is carried through to the simulation and analysis of nonequilibrium mass, momentum, and energy flows. Such a unified approach makes possible consistent mechanical definitions of temperature, stress, and heat flux which lead to a microscopic demonstration of the Second Law of Thermodynamics directly from mechanics. The intimate connection linking Lyapunov-unstable microscopic motions to macroscopic dissipative flows through multifractal phase-space structures is illustrated with many examples from the recent literature.The book is well-suited for undergraduate courses in advanced thermodynamics, statistical mechanic and transport theory, and graduate courses in physics and chemistry.

  • Adsorption From Solution

    • 1st Edition
    • R. H. Ottewill + 2 more
    • English
    Adsorption From Solution discusses the significance of adsorption behavior in thermodynamic terms, with emphasis on the interplay between enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free energy. This book examines the role of simple models and of elementary thermodynamic and statistical mechanical arguments in relation to the concept of surface phase. Organized into 22 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the theoretical model for the solid/liquid interface. This text then proceeds with a discussion of the general thermodynamic treatment of adsorption from mixed solvents, which is designed to apply in situations where adsorbed species may be regarded as distinct from their bulk counterparts. Other chapters discuss the adsorption from solutions of various interfaces of liquid/gas, liquid/liquid, or liquid/solid. The final chapter deals with the roles of adsorption from solution in controlling other phenomena, such as liquid–liquid displacement, wetting, and the forces between colloidal particles. Physicists, chemists, and materials scientists will find this book extremely useful.

  • Combustion 2e

    • 1st Edition
    • Irvin Glassman
    • English
    Combustion, Second Edition focuses on the underlying principles of combustion and covers topics ranging from chemical thermodynamics and flame temperatures to chemical kinetics, detonation, ignition, and oxidation characteristics of fuels. Diffusion flames, flame phenomena in premixed combustible gases, and combustion of nonvolatile fuels are also discussed. This book consists of nine chapters and begins by introducing the reader to heats of reaction and formation, free energy and the equilibrium constants, and flame temperature calculations. The next chapter explores the rates of reactions and their temperature dependency; simultaneous interdependent and chain reactions; pseudo-first-order reactions; the partial equilibrium assumption; and pressure effect in fractional conversion. The chain branching reactions and criteria for explosion explosion are then considered, along with the limits and oxidation characteristics of fuels such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The remaining chapters look at the laminar flame speed and stability limits of laminar flames; deflagration and detonation; burning in convective atmospheres; and the theory of thermal ignition. The final chapter is devoted to the burning of nonvolatile fuels such as coal. This monograph will be a valuable resource for students and teachers of physics.

  • Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry V1

    • 1st Edition
    • C.N.R. Rao
    • English
    Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume I describes the innovations in various spectroscopic methods that are particularly effective in inorganic chemistry studies. This volume contains nine chapters; each chapter discusses a specific spectroscopic method, their fundamental principles, methods, instrumentation, advantages disadvantages, and application. Chapter 1 covers some of the general principles and experiments that have been used in the recording and interpretation of crystal spectra of molecules that contain transition-metal ions. Chapter 2 illustrates the application of spectroscopic techniques to the photochemistry of small inorganic molecules, non-transition-metal compounds, and transition-metal complexes. The remaining chapters examine several spectroscopic methods, such as matrix isolation, mass, soft X-ray, and Mössbauer spectroscopies, high-resolution NMR, and nuclear quadrupole resonance, with a particular emphasis on their effective application in inorganic chemistry studies. This book will be of great benefit to inorganic chemists, spectroscopists, and inorganic chemistry teachers and students.

  • Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals V1

    • 1st Edition
    • D.S. Chemla
    • English
    Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Volume 1 discusses the nonlinear optical effects in organic molecules and crystals, providing a classical distinction between quadratic and cubic processes. This book begins with a general overview of the basic properties of organic matter, followed by a review on the benefits derived from quantum-chemistry-ba... models and growth and characterization of high quality, bulk organic crystals and waveguided structures. A case study focusing on a specific material, namely urea, which exemplifies a situation in which transparency in the UV region has been purposely traded for nonlinear efficiency is also deliberated. This text concludes with a description of a type of trade-off between the unpredictable orientation of molecules in crystalline media, polarity of liquid-crystalline structures, and dominant electronic contribution to the electro-optic effect. This publication is beneficial to solid-state physicists and chemists concerned with nonlinear optical properties of organic molecules and crystals.

  • Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

    Selected Methods
    • 1st Edition
    • A.J. (Tom) Van Loon
    • English
    Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy presents the theories, methods, and principles in absorption spectrometry in an easily readable fashion that would suit the practicing analyst. The book covers the general principles involved in atomic spectroscopy, such as atomization and optical systems; electronic signal processing; and calibration procedures and accuracy and precision. The text then moves on to the preparation, determination, and analysis of different substances, such as waters, geological materials, metals and alloys, air samples, petroleum products, industrial samples, and metal compounds. The book also covers developments in the different areas of atomic spectroscopy, such as radiation sources, spectrometers, detectors, and other instruments. The text is recommended for practitioners and experts in the field of atomic spectroscopy, especially those looking for a book that details theories, practices, and advancements in the subject.

  • The Organic Chemist's Book of Orbitals

    • 1st Edition
    • William Jorgensen
    • English
    The Organic Chemist's Book of Orbitals focuses on the mechanisms, stereochemistry, and reactivity of molecular orbitals. Composed of four chapters, the book outlines how molecular orbitals are created by delocalization. Concerns include CC and CH single-bond orbitals; bond orbitals and group orbitals; and the localized orbitals of CH2 and CH3 groups. Schematic diagrams are presented to show the nature, reactions, and compositions of molecular orbitals. The text offers a list of molecules and orbital occupancies. Orbital drawings are presented to show the differences of the molecular orbitals of hydrogen, water, ammonia, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene. The book also provides an index of references for the molecular geometries and orbital energies employed in the orbital drawings. Considering the weight of data presented, the book is a great find for readers interested in studying molecular orbitals.

  • Base-Catalyzed Reactions of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds

    • 1st Edition
    • Herman Pines
    • English
    Base-Catalyzed Reactions of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds focuses on the use of bases as catalysts for the conversion of hydrocarbons and related compounds. In order to emphasize the broad scope of base-catalyzed reactions, examples dealing with the conversion of non-hydrocarbons are given. Comprised of 14 chapters, this book begins with a historical overview of base-catalyzed conversions of hydrocarbons, followed by a discussion on the isomerization of olefins, acetylenes, and allenes, as well as the dimerization and oligomerization of hydrocarbons. The reader is then introduced to a variety of reactions, including those between aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins and between alkylpyridines and alkenylpyridines; homogeneous carbon-carbon addition reactions; and reactions of aprotic solvents with olefins. Subsequent chapters explore carbon-carbon addition of olefins with miscellaneous compounds; addition of ammonia, amines, and anilines to olefinic hydrocarbons; hydrogenation and oxygenation; dehydrogenation, aromatization, and hydrogen transfer; and dehydration of alcohols. This monograph will be of interest to chemists.

  • Preparative Methods in Solid State Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Paul Hagenmuller
    • English
    Preparative Methods in Solid State Chemistry deals with the preparative methods used in solid state chemistry and highlights the importance of the chemist's role in preparing materials of desired quality as well as obtaining materials according to the requirements of the user such as the physicist. Topics covered range from high-pressure techniques in preparative chemistry to methods of growing single crystals of high-melting-point oxides. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with an overview of possibilities for high-pressure synthesis, as well as the methods used to obtain high pressures, including transmission by gaseous or liquid fluids or in the solid state. The method of shock waves is then considered both from the point of view of thermodynamics and thermoelasticity, along with the possibility of using superpressures for evidently revolutionary applications. Subsequent chapters focus on the synthesis of single crystals of refractory oxides either at high temperatures (essentially liquid-solid transformations) or at lower temperatures in the presence of a solvent or a chemical reagent. The production of single crystals by electrolytic reduction in molten salts is also described. Numerous examples of vapor transport reactions in a temperature gradient are presented. This monograph should be of interest to chemists and students of solid state chemistry.

  • Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals

    • 1st Edition
    • Paul Rylander
    • English
    Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals focuses on catalytic hydrogenation as an effective process in attaining controlled transformations of organic compounds. Composed of contributions of various authors, the book first provides information on catalysts, equipment, and conditions. Catalyst stability and reuse; types of catalyst; platinum metals; and synergism are covered. The text proceeds with discussions on hydrogenation reactors. Topics include atmospheric pressure reactors; low pressure reactors; microreactors; and high pressure reactors. The book also covers hydrogenation of carbon-carbon unsaturation. Catalytic metal; modified catalyst systems; stereochemistry; diacetylenes; and hydrogenolysis are discussed. The text also looks at the hydrogenation of aromatics, nitrogen and carbonyl compounds, and hydrogenolysis. Numerical representations and analysis, diagrams, and reactions of compounds when exposed to different laboratory conditions are considered. The selection is a great source of data for readers interested in studying the process of catalytic hydrogenation.

  • Second Quantization-Based Methods in Quantum Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Poul Joergensen
    • English
    Second Quantization-Based Methods in Quantum Chemistry presents several modern quantum chemical tools that are being applied to electronic states of atoms and molecules. Organized into six chapters, the book emphasizes the quantum chemical methods whose developments and implementations have been presented in the language of second quantization. The opening chapter of the book examines the representation of the electronic Hamiltonian, other quantum-mechanical operators, and state vectors in the second-quantization language. This chapter also describes the unitary transformations among orthonormal orbitals in an especially convenient manner. In subsequent chapters, various tools of second quantization are used to describe many approximation techniques, such as Hartree-Fock, perturbation theory, configuration interaction, multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock, cluster methods, and Green’s function. This book is an invaluable source for researchers in quantum chemistry and for graduate-level students who have already taken introductory courses that cover the fundamentals of quantum mechanics through the Hartree-Fock method as applied to atoms and molecules.

  • Chemistry of Free Atoms and Particles

    • 1st Edition
    • Kenneth Klabunde
    • English
    Chemistry of Free Atoms and Particles covers the chemistry of metal atoms and metallic molecules or fragments. This book contains 10 chapters that are organized on the basis of the Periodic Chart. Each group of elements is separated into a discussion of first the free atoms, followed by a discussion of reactive molecular forms of metal halides, oxides, and sulfides. These sections are further broken down into subsections on ""Occurrence, Properties, and Techniques"" followed by ""Chemistry"". The ""Chemistry"" sections are further divided into several headings, including abstraction, electron-transfer, oxidative addition, simple orbital mixing, substitution, disproportional and ligand transfer, and cluster formation processes. This book will be of value to chemistry researchers, teachers, and students.

  • 19th International Congress on Heterocyclic Chemistry

    Book of Abstracts
    • 1st Edition
    • Robert M. Williams
    • English
    This book presents the abstracts of the 19th International Congress of Heterocyclic Chemistry (19th ICHC) held in Fort Collins, Colorado, 10-15th August 2003 and provides the reader with a topical comprehensive reference source covering the latest developments in the heterocycles area. Each lecture from the 19th ICHC is presented as a one page abstract containing a textual summary of the lecture, including references, figures and contact details of the author(s).Papers are divided into the following sections: heterocyclic natural products, heterocycles in organic synthesis, bioactive heterocycles, heterocyclic materials &related topics, heterocyclic pharmaceuticals.

  • Chromatographic Systems

    Maintenance And Troubleshooting
    • 2nd Edition
    • John Q. Walker
    • English
    Chromatographic Systems: Maintenance and Troubleshooting, Second Edition provides a clear and concise guide for chromatographic maintenance. This book covers troubleshooting and repair procedures that can be utilized by both experienced and inexperienced chemists and technicians to reduce instrument down-time. This edition is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on liquid chromatography, which consists of an introductory chapter on principles, techniques, and utility, followed by specific chapters devoted to the individual systems comprising the total liquid chromatographic makeup. Gas chromatography is emphasized in Part II, introducing the basic theory and analyzing the systematic progression through possible malfunctions in various parts of the gas chromatograph. This publication is a good source for chromatographers, scientists, chemists, and technicians interested in the maintenance and troubleshooting of chromatographic systems.

  • Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy

    • 1st Edition
    • Philip Bunker
    • English
    Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy deals with the use of group theory in quantum mechanics in relation to problems in molecular spectroscopy. It discusses the use of the molecular symmetry group, whose elements consist of permutations of identical nuclei with or without inversion. After reviewing the permutation groups, inversion operation, point groups, and representation of groups, the book describes the use of representations for labeling molecular energy. The text explains an approximate time independent Schrödinger equation for a molecule, as well as the effect of a nuclear permutation or the inversion of E* on such equation. The book also examines the expression for the complete molecular Hamiltonian and the several groups of operations commuting with the Hamiltonian. The energy levels of the Hamiltonian can then be symmetrically labeled by the investigator using the irreducible representations of these groups. The text explains the two techniques to change coordinates in a Schrödinger equation, namely, (1) by using a diatomic molecule in the rovibronic Schrödinger equation, and (2) by a rigid nonlinear polyatomic molecule. The book also explains that using true symmetry, basis symmetry, near symmetry, and near quantum numbers, the investigator can label molecular energy levels. The text can benefit students of molecular spectroscopy, academicians, and investigators of molecular chemistry or quantum mechanics.

  • Analysis of Noble Metals

    Overview and Selected Methods
    • 1st Edition
    • F.E. Beamish
    • English
    Analysis of Noble Metals: Overview and Selected Methods describes simple techniques with useful sensitivity, accuracy, and precision for noble metal analysis. This book is composed of seven chapters that include the methods of atomic absorption, spectrochemical, spectrophotometric, gravimetric, volumetric, and potentiometric determinations of noble metals. Each chapter discusses the concept, principles, practice, and application of the specific analytical technique. A chapter examines several separation methods for noble metals, including cation exchange, mercury amalgam, reduction, silver assay beads, solvent extraction, and dissolution. This book will be of great value to analytical chemists, instrumental engineers, and researchers.

  • Photothermal Investigations of Solids and Fluids

    • 1st Edition
    • J Sell
    • English
    Photothermal Investigations of Solids and Fluids discusses photothermal optical diagnostic techniques in the study of solids and fluids, which involve areas of photothermal spectroscopy, imaging, and velocimetry. This book explores the development of lasers as powerful and convenient sources of localized energy. Organized into 10 chapters, this monograph begins with an overview of photothermal spectroscopy as the field in which the nature of matter is probed using optical excitation of a medium and optical probing of the thermal energy that results from this excitation. This book then provides the reader with a link between the physics applicable to the photothermal experiments and the methodology involved in such investigation. Other chapters examine the experimental photothermal detectors that are constructed for use in most forms of chromatography and electrophoresis. The final chapter deals with several promising spectroscopies, including photothermal interferometry, photothermal modulation of Mie scattering, and photophoretic spectroscopy. Graduate students, professors, and research scientists will find this monograph extremely useful.

  • Polymer Stress Reactions

    • 1st Edition
    • Antonio Casale
    • English
    Polymer Stress Reactions, Volume 1: Introduction focuses on the interrelationship between polymer mechanochemistry and the stress-induced polymer reactions. This book discusses each nominal polymer state and describes the parameters and variables that are germane to the mechanically induced reactions in that state. The polymer degradation variables that are generally applicable to mechanochemistry, such as temperature and shear intensity, are also considered. This book consists of five chapters and begins with an overview of mechanochemistry and stress-induced polymer reactions, with particular reference to the distinction between mechanochemical reactions and other modes of reaction. The general regions of viscoelastic behavior for amorphous polymers where mechanochemistry may be conducted are also described. The next chapter explores the mechanisms underlying the modes of reaction in mechanochemistry, focusing on the effects of shear and applied stress as well as how bonds rupture. The discussion then turns to the influence of the principal variables in polymer mechanochemistry; characterization methods for evaluating the fundamentals of mechanochemistry; and methods for the synthesis of block and graft copolymers. This book is a valuable material for those interested in mechanochemistry in general and in polymer stress reactions in particular.

  • Structure and Bonding in crystals

    • 1st Edition
    • Michael O'Keeffe
    • English
    Structure and Bonding in Crystals presents a new understanding of the older topics such as bond length, bond strength, and ionic radii. These concepts have been used by geochemists and geophysicists to systematize and predict phase transitions at high pressure. The final group of chapters deals with the problems of classifying complex solids and with systematic descriptions of the relationships between their structures. This book comprises 13 chapters, with the first presenting a historical perspective by Linus Pauling. The following chapters then go on to discuss quantum theory and crystal chemistry; pseudopotentials and crystal structure; quantum-defect orbital radii and the structural chemistry of simple solids; and a pseudopotential viewpoint of the electronic and structural properties of crystals. Other chapters cover elementary quantitative theory of chemical bonding; the role and significance of empirical and semiempirical correlations; theoretical probes of bonding in the disiloxy group; a comparison of experimental and theoretical bond length and angle variations; the role of nonbonded forces in crystals; molecules within infinite solids; charge density distributions; and some aspects of the ionic model of crystals. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of chemistry, physics, and geology.

  • Practical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

    Industrial and laboratory chemical analysis
    • 1st Edition
    • John R. Ferraro
    • English
    Practical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Industrial and Laboratory Chemical Analysis presents the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) as a valuable analytic tool in solving industrial and laboratory chemical problems. The text provides chapters that deal with the various applications of FT-IR such as the characterization of organic and inorganic superconductors; the study of forensic materials such as controlled drug particles, fragments of polymers, textile fibers, and explosives; identification and quantification of impurities and measurement of epitaxial thickness in silicon; bulk and surface studies and microanalyses of industrial materials; and the identification or determination of unknown compounds. Chemists, industrial researchers, and product engineers will find the book useful.

  • Photochemistry of Air Pollution

    • 1st Edition
    • Philip Leighton
    • English
    Photochemistry of Air Pollution provides information pertinent to air pollution and atmospheric chemistry. This book discusses the photochemical reactions produced by sunlight may convert relatively harmless pollutants into substances that constitute a nuisance, create possible health hazard, and cause economic problem to humans. Organized into 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the problem of air pollution, particularly photochemical smog. This text then discusses the factors that collectively determine the amount and spectral distribution of the radiation entering a surface layer of the atmosphere. Other chapters compare the specific absorption rates of several absorbers that are present in the air during periods of photochemical smog, including oxygen, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ketones, peroxides, and particulate matter. The final chapter deals with the process of formation of the substances responsible for the physiological effects of eye irritation and plant damage. This book is a valuable resource for photochemists and air pollution scientists.

  • Catalytic Reactions

    The Organic Chemistry of Palladium
    • 1st Edition
    • Peter Maitlis
    • English
    The Organic Chemistry of Palladium, Volume I1: Catalytic Reactions deals with organic transformations resulting from palladium complexes either stoichiometrically or catalytically. One feature of a reaction catalyzed by transition metals is the absence of evidence for the typical reactive intermediates of organic chemistry, carbanions, and carbonium ions. This lack of evidence is due to the metal acting both as a source and a sink of electrons that result in energetically unfavorable ionic intermediaries. The book explains that palladium (II) can induce C-O bond formation. These reactions involve oxidation of the organic substrate and reduces the Pd(II) to metal, and are not catalytic. Industrial applications can re-oxidize the palladium metal back to Pd(II) in situ, making the reactions catalytic. The text also discusses certain reactions that can form C-O bonds as part of an oxidative process. The book also describes significant reactions that can be catalyzed by palladium metal, such as in the hydrogenation of multiple bonds, in the carbonylation of certain olefins and acetylenes, and in the catalytic cracking of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Organic chemists, analytical chemists, investigators, and scientists whose works involve physical or inorganic chemistry will find the book truly useful.

  • Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

    • 2nd Edition
    • Norman Colthup
    • English
    Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy focuses on the theoretical and experimental aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, with emphasis on detailed group frequency correlations and their vibrational origin. Topics covered include vibrational and rotational spectra, molecular symmetry, methyl and methylene groups, triple bonds and cumulated double bonds, and olefin groups. Aromatic and heteroaromatic rings are also considered, along with carbonyl compounds and molecular vibrations. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with a discussion on the use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy to study the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules, paying particular attention to photon energy and degrees of freedom of molecular motion. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator and the anharmonic oscillator are described. The next chapter focuses on the experimental techniques and instrumentation needed to measure infrared absorption spectra and Raman spectra. Symmetry is then discussed from the standpoint of the spectroscopist. The following chapters explore the vibrational origin of group frequencies, with an emphasis on mechanical effects; spectra-structure correlations; and the spectra of compounds such as ethers, alcohols, and phenols. The final chapter demonstrates how the frequencies and forms of a nonlinear molecule's normal modes of vibration may be calculated mathematically. This monograph will be a useful resource for spectroscopists and physical scientists.

  • Pyrolytic Methods in Organic Chemistry

    Application of Flow and Flash Vacuum Pyrolytic Techniques
    • 1st Edition
    • Roger Brown
    • English
    Pyrolytic Methods in Organic Chemistry: Application of Flow and Flash Vacuum Pyrolytic Techniques is concerned with the use of flow pyrolysis and flash vacuum pyrolysis in preparative organic chemistry. Topics covered include pyrolytic generation and reactions of free radicals, arynes, and cyclobutadienes; elimination reactions; rearrangements of carbenes and nitrenes in the gas phase; and fragmentation of cyclic and acyclic structures. Examples of the types of reaction for which flow and flash pyrolytic methods are well suited are provided. This book is comprised of nine chapters and begins by discussing the place of flow and flash vacuum pyrolytic methods in organic chemistry. The next chapter gives an account of apparatus and experimental methods, while the remaining chapters focus on pyrolytic reactions that are grouped together according to the nature of the overall process, the formal structure of the starting material, and mechanistic type. Reactions that are formally related because they involve elimination of a small fragment molecule X-X or X-Y from a larger molecular framework are examined, along with cleavage of carbocyclic systems. The final chapter presents examples of high-temperature rearrangements, focusing on electrocyclic reactions and cycloadditions involving mainly four or six electrons; reactions that proceed through diradical intermediates; and isomerizations of heterocyclic rings. This monograph is intended mainly for practicing academic and industrial organic chemists and for advanced and graduate students.

  • Homogeneous Nucleation Theory

    The Pretransition Theory of Vapor Condensation
    • 1st Edition
    • Farid Abraham
    • English
    Homogeneous Nucleation Theory: The Pretransition Theory of Vapor Condensation discusses the influence of classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and multistate kinetics on the homogeneous nucleation theory. This book is organized into 10 chapters and begins with a simple model calculation that yields an important insight into the major physical features governing supersaturated vapor condensation. The following chapters explore the development of the theory of equilibrium thermodynamics pertinent to the study of a nucleation phenomena and a postulatory formulation of statistical mechanics and its relation to the calculation of the thermodynamic potentials. The discussion then shifts to a statistical thermodynamics description of an imperfect gas assuming the droplet model of Band-Bijl-Frenkel and to the development of the multistate kinetics of cluster formation. The book also explores the development of the classical Einstein theory for crystalline solids and generalizes this theory for its applications to planar surfaces of microcrystalline clusters. It also presents a comparison of the exact free energies for the microcrystallites with the predictions of the droplet model using the capillarity approximation. Three distinct approaches for calculating the thermodynamic properties of physical clusters are covered in the concluding chapters.

  • Colloidal Gold

    Principles, Methods, and Applications
    • 1st Edition
    • English
    Since its introduction in 1971, the development and application of colloidal gold as a marker in electron microscopy has been phenomenal. This state-of-the art, multi-volume treatise provides researchers, technicians, teachers, and students with the most comprehensive coverage of the principles and methodology of colloidal gold microscopy available today. This universal method is applicable to most microscopical systems including optical microscopy, scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscopy, and photoelectron, photon, fluorescent darkfield and epipolarization microscopy. Colloidal gold allows high and low resolution studies, enzyme and nucleic acid labeling, study of dynamic cellular processes, and virus detection.

  • Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry

    An Introduction
    • 1st Edition
    • R. Bruce King
    • English
    Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction presents the basic facts and principles of transition-metal organometallic chemistry. The book discusses the general principles of transition-metal organometallic chemistry; the organometallic derivatives of the early transition metals; and the organometallic derivatives of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The text also describes the organometallic derivatives of manganese, technetium, and rhenium; the organometallic derivatives of iron, ruthenium, and osmium; and the organometallic derivatives of cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. The organometallic derivatives of nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, and gold are also considered. Chemists and chemistry students will find the book invaluable.

  • Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes

    • 1st Edition
    • Henri Ulrich
    • English
    Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes reviews cycloaddition reactions, particularly on hetercocumulenes having "four-electron" bonds. This book discusses the chemical relationship among the various classes of heterocumulenes, including their chemical reactivity which ranges from highly reactive species to nearly inert compounds. This text also investigates the nucleophilic reactions of ketenes and isocyanates with suitable substrates, and if possible, correlates available data with the reactivity of these species in cycloaddition reactions. This book also investigates the cycloaddition reactions of carbon suboxide and other aspects of its chemistry due to the presence of many other interrelated reactions. The synthetic organic chemist should also investigate the application of isocyanate reactions associated with the cumulative double bonds. This text investigates carbodiimides as useful reagents for peptide synthesis, and notes that the stability of carbodiimides increases significantly with sterical hindrance around the cumulative double bond system. This book discusses three compounds that have a central electrophilic carbon atom, namely, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. The book also describes the cycloaddition reactions of sulfenes, of N-sulfinylamines, of N-sulfinylsulfonamid... and of sulfurdiimides. This book can prove useful for researchers, technicians, and scientists whose works involve organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related fields of chemistry.

  • Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds

    Cyclic, Linear, and High Polymeric Systems
    • 1st Edition
    • H Allcock
    • English
    Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds: Cyclic, Linear, and High Polymeric Systems concerns itself with the chemistry of compounds containing alternating phosphorus - nitrogen atoms in the skeleton. The monograph aims to be an introduction to phosphorus-nitrogen chemistry, a review of advances in the field, and reference work. The text is divided into three parts. Part I covers the introduction, historical background, and nomenclature of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds and the theories in bonding and structure of phosphazenes and phosphazanes. Part II deals with reactions such as the synthesis of the phosphorus-nitrogen skeleton, hydrolysis of phosphazenes and phosphazanes, and the aminolysis of halophosphazenes. Part III discusses polymer chemistry and includes topics such as polymerization, depolymerization, and phosphazene polymers. The book is recommended for students and practitioners in the field of chemistry, especially those concerned with phosphorus nitrogen compounds and polymeric systems.

  • Isonitrile Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Ivar Ugi
    • English
    Organic Chemistry, Volume 20: Isonitrile Chemistry discusses the fundamental aspects of the chemistry of isonitriles. This book provides an introduction to as well as a thorough coverage of isonitrile chemistry. Organized into 10 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the general properties and structure of isonitriles. This text then examines the quantitative study of the kinetics of isonitrile rearrangement as well as the principal resonance structure of the isonitrile molecule. Other chapters consider the experimental and theoretical findings on the fall-off behavior of the unimolecular rate constants of different isonitriles with pressure. This book discusses as well the behavior of isonitriles toward a center of low electron density, which is particularly manifested in the reactivity of alkyl and aryl isonitriles toward diborane and alkyl or arylboranes. The final chapter deals with the inorganic coordination chemistry of isonitriles. This book is a valuable resource for organic chemists.

  • Membrane Electrodes

    • 1st Edition
    • N Lakshminarayanaiah
    • English
    Membrane Electrodes considers the significant developments in the field of sensing probes, with an emphasis on membrane electrodes. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 11 chapters. Part I is an introduction to the variety of ion-selective membrane electrodes that have been constructed and with which experiments have been conducted. This part deals first with the thermodynamic principles and other concepts underlying the description of the behavior of electrolyte solutions, followed by a discussion on the various theories of membrane potential applicable to a variety of solid and liquid membrane electrodes. Part II describes the preparation, properties, and uses of the various solid and liquid membrane electrodes. Part III presents glass membrane electrodes as a prelude to the description of other membrane systems in which glass electrodes are invariably used as the primary sensing device. This book will prove useful to students, technologists, and researchers in various fields of science and technology.

  • Anelastic Relaxation In Crystalline Solids

    • 1st Edition
    • A.S. Nowick
    • English
    Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids provides an overview of anelasticity in crystals. This book discusses the various physical and chemical phenomena in crystalline solids. Comprised of 20 chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on the formal theory of anelasticity, and then explores the anelastic behavior, which is a manifestation of internal relaxation process. This text lays the groundwork for the formal theory by introducing the postulates. Other chapters explore the different dynamical methods that are frequently used in studying anelasticity. The reader is then introduced to the physical origin of anelastic relaxation process in terms of atomic model. This text also discusses the various types of point defects in crystals, including elementary point defects, composite defects, and self-interstitial defects. The final chapter provides relevant information on the various frequency ranges used in the study. This book is intended for crystallographers, mechanical engineers, metallurgical engineers, solid-state physicists, materials scientists, and researchers.

  • Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Principle in Organic Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Tse-Lok Ho
    • English
    Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Principle in Organic Chemistry deals with various phenomena in organic chemistry that are directly related to or derived from the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle. Topics covered range from chemical reactivity to displacement reactions, along with various HSAB principle applications. This text consists of 11 chapters and begins with a historical overview of the HSAB concept, followed by a classification of hard and soft acids and bases and their theoretical descriptions. The reader is methodically introduced to the stability of organic compounds and complexes; displacement reactions of HSAB; and the chemistry of alkenes, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds. The reactivity of organophosphorus and carbonyl compounds; organosulfur compounds and other chalcogenides; and organoboranes is also considered. The book concludes with an evaluation of other applications of the HSAB principle, paying particular attention to solubility and protonation; carbenes and nitrenes; the organic chemistry of group IV elements; and the reactions of organohalides, Grignard, and related agents. This book is intended for senior undergraduates or graduate chemistry majors, as well as organic chemists who are not familiar with the HSAB concept.

  • Plasma Polymerization

    • 1st Edition
    • H K Yasuda
    • English
    Plasma Polymerization aims to bridge the conceptual gap between the academic and practical approaches to plasma polymerization and highlights the significance of plasma polymerization in materials science and technology. The major topics covered are gas-phase kinetics, ionization of gases, fundamentals of polymerization, mechanism of polymer formation in plasma, competitive aspects of polymer formation and ablation, mechanism of polymer deposition, operational factors of plasma polymerization, and electrical properties of plasma polymers. This book is comprised of 11 chapters and begins with a brief overview of plasma polymerization and its growing importance for the formation of entirely new kinds of materials. The discussion then shifts to a comparison between plasma-state polymerization and plasma-induced polymerization, between plasma polymerization and graft polymerization, and between plasma polymerization and radiation polymerization. The reader is also introduced to fundamental aspects of gas-phase reactions, paying particular attention to the classical kinetic theory of gas, as well as the mechanisms of formation of polymeric materials in plasma, competitive ablation and polymer formation in plasma, and polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. The operational parameters of plasma polymerization are described and a chapter devoted to the electrical properties of plasma-polymerized thin organic films concludes the book. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of material science.

  • Polymer-Polymer Miscibility

    • 1st Edition
    • Olagoke Olabis
    • English
    Polymer–Polymer Miscibility discusses miscibility of polymeric mixtures. This book explains the theoretical and practical aspects of polymer miscibility, which has become a considerable area of research in many academic and industrial laboratories. Comprised of seven chapters, this book starts with an overview of the physical nature of the variations of the basic polymer structure. This monograph then discusses the two cases of miscible polymer blends, namely, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)–butadiene/acry... copolymer (NBR) and polystyrene–poly(2,6... oxide) (PPO) blends. This text explores the useful and unique properties of blends of poly(vinyl chloride) and butadiene/acrylonitr... copolymer rubber. Other chapters discuss the thermodynamic theories for the phase separation of block copolymers. The reader is also introduced to other variations of chemical structure, which can result in the permanent attachment of polymers to each other through block and graft copolymers. This text also explores the feasibility of covalent bonding of polymer components. This book is intended for chemical engineers and materials scientists.

  • Solid Acids and Bases

    Their Catalytic Properties
    • 1st Edition
    • Kozo Tanabe
    • English
    Solid Acids and Bases: Their Catalytic Properties reviews developments in the studies of acidic and basic properties of solids, including the efficacy and special characteristics of solid acid and base catalysts. This book discusses the determination of basic and acidic properties on solid surfaces and relationship between acid strength and acid amount. The structure and acid-base properties of mixed metal oxides and correlation between acid-base properties and catalytic activity and selectivity are also deliberated. This publication is useful to professional chemists and graduate students in the fields of organic, inorganic and physical chemistry, petroleum chemistry and catalysis, including readers interested in the acidic and basic properties on solid surfaces.

  • Reduced Density Matrices in Quantum Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Ernest Davidson
    • English
    Reduced Density Matrices in Quantum Chemistry is from a special topics course of the author to graduate students at the Ohio State University. The focus of the book is on the structure of the density matrix as reference to the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Chapters 1 and 2 discuss and differentiate in detail the ensemble density matrix and reduced density matrices. Ensemble density matrix is discussed in the context of different states, while the energy expressions of reduced density matrices are highlighted together with some examples. Chapter 3 accordingly follows through with a description of the properties of reduced density matrices. The succeeding chapters focus on the first-order and second-order reduced density matrices in terms of their analytic and physical properties. The final chapter discusses and interprets the two-body density matrix. The book is intended for graduate students and researchers in the study of quantum chemistry.

  • Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis

    • 1st Edition
    • W Delgass
    • English
    Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis deals with the applications of spectroscopy in heterogeneous catalysis. The concepts and capabilities of a particular technique, experimental procedures, and examples of all proven or potentially important applications are discussed. The use of spectroscopic measurements in guiding empirical approaches to applied problems and to fundamental studies of the chemical identity of catalytic surfaces is also described. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins with a discussion on the scope of spectroscopy in catalysis and applications of spectroscopy to zeolite catalysts. The following chapters focus on infrared spectroscopy, with emphasis on the theory and interpretation of infrared spectra; Raman spectroscopy and the theory of the Raman effect; diffuse reflectance and photoacoustic spectroscopies; and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are also considered. The final chapter is devoted to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and its application to core electrons, along with the experimental equipment and procedures used. The applications of XPS to studies of surface behavior and catalyst composition and chemistry are outlined. This monograph will be a useful resource for physicists, researchers, and potential researchers in heterogeneous catalysis.

  • Chemistry and Technology of Silicones

    • 1st Edition
    • Walter Noll
    • English
    Chemistry and Technology of Silicones retains the nature of a monograph despite its expanded scope, giving the reader in condensed form not only a wide-ranging but also a thorough review of this rapidly growing field. In contrast to some other monographs on organosilicon compounds that have appeared in the interim, the silicones occupy in this edition the central position, and the technological part of the work is entirely devoted to them. This book comprises 12 chapters, and begins with a general discussion of the chemistry and molecular structure of the silicones. The following chapters then discuss preparation of silanes with nonfunctional organic substituents; monomeric organosilicon compounds RnSiX4-n; and organosilanes with organofunctional groups. Other chapters cover preparation of polyorganosiloxanes; the polymeric organosiloxanes; other organosilicon polymers; production of technical silicone products from polyorganosiloxanes; properties of technical products; applications of technical silicone products in various branches of industry; esters of silicic acid; and analytical methods. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of molecular chemistry.

  • Organometallic Mechanisms and Catalysis

    The Role of Reactive Intermediates in Organic Processes
    • 1st Edition
    • Jay Kochi
    • English
    Organometallic Mechanisms and Catalysis: The Role of Reactive Intermediates in Organic Processes covers the mechanistic delineation of organometallic chemistry and catalysis. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 18 chapters. The first part describes first the oxidation-reduction process of organometals, followed by discussions on the catalytic reactions of peroxides, metal-catalyzed addition to olefins, and reduction of organic halides. This part also explores other reactions involving transition metal carbonyls and metal-catalyzed reactions of aromatic diazonium salts. The second part deals with some chemical aspects of organometals, such as their stability, thermochemistry, decomposition, hemolytic pathways, and the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The third part examines the charge transfer processes and interactions of organometals with electron acceptors. This part further looks into the cleavage and insertion reactions of organometals with electrophiles, as well as the electrophilic and electron transfer mechanisms of organometals. Organic and inorganic chemists, teachers, and students will greatly benefit from this book.

  • Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds V2

    • 1st Edition
    • T.K. Devon
    • English
    Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds, Volume II: Terpenes is a handbook of naturally occurring compounds to which structures have been assigned, with particular reference to terpenes. Each structure is stored in the handbook with its name, molecular formula, molecular weight, optical rotation, melting point, literature reference, and classification number. Comprised of 10 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of terpenes and their classification schemes, followed by terpenoid classes and their structural/biogeneti... categories as well as skeletons: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, triterpenes, steroids, carotenoids, and polyprenoids. Miscellaneous compounds of terpenoid origin are also considered, including the ionones and fraxinellone. This final category for miscellaneous compounds of terpenoid origin arises through the somewhat frequent occurrence of oxidative degradation in terpenoid biosynthesis. In general these compounds have degraded structures such that there exists some ambiguity as to their precise biosynthetic precursors. Each individual compound possesses a compound sequence number which, in combination with the Classification Code Number, supplies a unique address for that compound. This book should be a valuable resource for chemists as well as students and researchers of chemistry.

  • Chemical Bonds and Bonds Energy

    • 2nd Edition
    • R Sanderson
    • English
    Chemical Bonds and Bonds Energy, Second Edition provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of contributing bond energy and bond dissociation energy. This book explores the values that are useful in the interpretation of significant phenomena such as product distribution and reaction mechanisms. Organized into 12 chapters, this edition begins with an overview of the quantitative relationship among three basic properties of an atom, namely, nonpolar covalent radius, electronegativity, and homonuclear single covalent bond energy. This text then examines the quantitative means of evaluating the partial atomic charges that result from initial differences in the electromagnetivity of atoms that form a compound. Other chapters consider the recognition of the reduction of bond weakening not by multiplicity and in certain types of single covalent bonds. The final chapter deals with the application of the principal ideas and techniques to the oxidation of ethane. This book is a valuable resource for organic and inorganic chemists.

  • High Resolution NMR of Macromolecules

    • 1st Edition
    • Frank Bovey
    • English
    High Resolution NMR of Macromolecules presents the development in the NMR study of polymers. This book discusses the exciting area of application of NMR to polymer science as the result of the more general accessibility of instruments of high magnetic field. Organized into 15 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the spectral analysis and the dependence of chemical shifts and J couplings on structure. This text then discusses the isomerism in polymer chains without special reference to NMR. Other chapters consider the interpretation of synthetic polymer spectra in terms of structure, stereochemical configuration, conformation, and chain growth mechanism. This book discusses as well the application of high resolution NMR to the study of nucleic acids, which has not been so well developed as that of polypeptides and proteins. The final chapter deals with biopolymers and their model compounds. This book is a valuable resource for chemists and research workers.

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