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    • Etching of Crystals

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • K. Sangwal
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 8 3 8 0
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 9 0 1 8
      Defects in Solids, Volume 15: Etching of Crystals: Theory, Experiment, and Application focuses on the processes, reactions, and methodologies involved in the etching of crystals, including thermodynamics and diffusion. The publication first underscores the defects in crystals, detection of defects, and growth and dissolution of crystals. Discussions focus on thermodynamic theories, nature of pit sites, surface roughening during diffusion-controlled dissolution, growth controlled by simultaneous mass transfer and surface reactions, and chemical and thermal etching. The text then examines the theories of dissolution and etch-pit formation and the chemical aspects of the dissolution process, including catalytic reactions, dissolution of semiconductors, topochemical adsorption theories, and diffusion theories. The book tackles the solubility of crystals and complexes in solution and the kinetics and mechanism of dissolution. Topics include metallic crystals, semiconductors, stability of complexes, relationship between solubility, surface energy, and hardness of crystals, and solvents for crystals and estimation of crystal solubility in solvents other than water. The publication is a dependable source of data for readers interested in the etching of crystals.

    • Ion Beam Modification of Materials

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • J.S. Williams + 2 more
      • English
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 9 7 4 2
      This conference consisted of 15 oral sessions, including three plenary papers covering areas of general interest, 22 specialist invited papers and 51 contributed presentations as well as three poster sessions. There were several scientific highlights covering a diverse spectrum of materials and ion beam processing methods. These included a wide range of conventional and novel applications such as: optical displays and opto-electronics, motor vehicle and tooling parts, coatings tailored for desired properties, studies of fundamental defect properties, the production of novel (often buried) compounds, and treating biomedical materials. The study of nanocrystals produced by ion implantation in a range of host matrices, particularly for opto-electronics applications, was one especially new and exciting development. Despite several decades of study, major progress was reported at the conference in understanding defect evolution in semiconductors and the role of defects in transient impurity diffusion. The use of implantation to tune or isolate optical devices and in forming optically active centres and waveguides in semiconductors, polymers and oxide ceramics was a major focus of several presentations at the conference. The formation of hard coatings by ion assisted deposition or direct implantation was also an area which showed much recent progress. Ion beam techniques had also developed apace, particularly those based on plasma immersion ion implantation or alternative techniques for large area surface treatment. Finally, the use of ion beams for the direct treatment of cancerous tissue was a particularly novel and interesting application of ion beams.

    • The Standard Model Higgs Boson

      • 1st Edition
      • Volume 8
      • December 2, 2012
      • M.B. Einhorn
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 8 8 8 0 8 2
      • Hardback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 8 8 8 0 7 5
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 6 1 3 0
      The Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions contains a scalar field which permeates all of space and matter, and whose properties provide the explanation of the origin of the masses. Commonly referred to as the Higgs field, it assumes in the physical vacuum a non-vanishing classical expectation value to which the masses of not only the vector bosons, but all the other known fundamental particles (quarks and leptons) are proportional. This volume presents a concise summary of the phenomenological properties of the Higgs boson.

    • Systems Engineering Using SDL-92

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • A. Olsen
      • O. Færgemand + 3 more
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 8 3 6 6
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 8 9 0 5
      CCITT (now ITU-T) Specification and Description Language (SDL) and systems engineering (formal and informal) in SDL are considered in this publication. The latest version of the language, SDL-92 [ITU Z.100 SDL-92] is introduced. The book has been written for existing and potential users of SDL - technologists involved in the specification and engineering of systems. It offers easier learning, through examples and application, than the Z.100 Recommendation of March 1993, which gives precise technical definitions and concepts. The book has sufficient coverage of the language so that for normal use it should not be necessary to consult Z.100. For this reason, the grammars, both textual and graphical, are included, and the index makes it possible to find text on most of the language mechanisms.Chapter 1 provides an overview of specification and design of telecommunication systems. It considers the usage and scope of SDL. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the language, with an introduction of the major language elements. Chapter 3 focuses on the specification of behaviour and the information interchange between processes. Chapter 4 covers the structuring of systems in terms of instances, how these may be defined by types and how types may be organised in type/subtype hierarchies by inheritance. Parameterised types and packages of type definitions are also covered. Chapter 5 presents the part of the language that provides data types, with emphasis placed on how to use predefined data types. Chapter 6 presents the use of SDL for system engineering, with a discussion of general systems engineering principles followed by an introduction to methodologies which use SDL. The use of other languages in combination with SDL, documentation issues, naming and other lexical rules, errors and language support are considered, since they are more relevant to the use of language in engineering than when initially learning the language.

    • Kinetics of Aggregation and Gelation

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • F. Family + 1 more
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 7 4 0 6
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 6 5 8 1
      Kinetics of Aggregation and Gelation presents the proceedings of the International Topical Conference on Kinetics of Aggregation and Gelation held on April 2-4, 1984 in Athens, Georgia. The purpose of the conference was to bring together international experts from a wide variety of backgrounds who are studying phenomena inherently similar to the formation of large clusters by the union of many separate, small elements, to present and exchange ideas on new theories and results of experimental and computer simulations. This book is divided into 57 chapters, each of which represents an oral presentation that is part of a unified whole. The book begins with a presentation on fractal concepts in aggregation and gelation, followed by presentations on topics such as aggregative fractals called ""squigs""; multi-particle fractal aggregation; theory of fractal growth processes; self-similar structures; and interface dynamics. Other chapters cover addition polymerization and related models; the kinetic gelation model; a new model of linear polymers; red cell aggregation kinetics; the Potts Model; aggregation of colloidal silica; the ballistic model of aggregation; stochastic dynamics simulation of particle aggregation; particle-cluster aggregation; kinetic clustering of clusters; computer simulations of domain growth; and perspectives in the kinetics of aggregation and gelation. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of chemistry, theoretical physics, and materials engineering.

    • High Excitation and Short Pulse Phenomena

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • M.H. Pilkuhn
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 8 7 4 8
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 6 0 0 1 8 9
      High Excitation and Short Pulse Phenomena contains the proceeding of the Third Trieste ICTP-IUPAP Semiconductor Symposium on ""High Excitation and Short Pulse Phenomena"", held at the International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy on July, 2-6 1984. This book contains the keynote papers of the symposium and the contributions from the participants. It describes the non-equilibrium electron-hole plasmas in direct and indirect gap semiconductors; transport of plasmas and of hot carriers; and expansion velocities. The book also elucidates the screening effects involved in the exciton-plasma transition; the optical bistability and nonlinearity; and experimental techniques with short pulse spectroscopy. Other topics emphasized are the physical aspects of laser annealing and of melting at the highest excitation levels, as well as the results of high excitation and short pulse physics of quantum wells. The fast relaxation processes, as well as the carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon interactions are also explained. This material will serve as a source of information and reference, and will stimulate ways for further research.

    • Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • J.W. Boag + 2 more
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 9 8 7 4 9 5
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 6 1 7 8
      The unusual career of the famous Soviet physicist Peter Kapitza was divided between Cambridge and Moscow. In Cambridge he was a protegé of Rutherford and while studying there he opened up a new area of research in magnetism and low temperature physics. However, in 1934, during a summer visit to the Soviet Union, Kapitza was prevented from returning to Cambridge and remained in Moscow for the rest of his long life. In spite of many ups and downs and considerable difficulties in his relations with top political figures in the Kremlin, he continued to enhance his scientific reputation and late in life was awarded the Nobel Prize.After an introductory biographical memoir, the greater part of the book consists of extracts from the numerous letters Kapitza wrote throughout his life, letters which are distinguished by their eloquence, the originality of his opinions and his forthrightness. His very interesting correspondence with Rutherford and above all his many letters to top political figures in the Soviet Union such as Molotov, Stalin and Khrushchev on questions of scientific and industrial policy are all included in this unique document. Together they provide a rounded picture of a remarkable personality who contributed so much to the scientific and cultural life of both England and the Soviet Union.This fascinating book is illustrated with an impressive collection of historical photographs and should be of interest to science historians, to low temperature physicists and to `Sovietologists', but above all the book should appeal to the general reader for its human interest. Some of the letters reveal his emotional reactions to the major blows he had to suffer on several occasions, while others provide penetrating and often amusing comments on English life and institutions as seen by a Russian, and on Soviet life from the inside.

    • Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems

      • 1st Edition
      • December 2, 2012
      • A.N. Proto
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 8 2 5 0
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 8 7 5 2
      This book contains a thorough treatment of neural networks, cellular-automata and synergetics, in an attempt to provide three different approaches to nonlinear phenomena in complex systems. These topics are of major interest to physicists active in the fields of statistical mechanics and dynamical systems. They have been developed with a high degree of sophistication and include the refinements necessary to work with the complexity of real systems as well as the more recent research developments in these areas.

    • Small Scale Structures

      • 1st Edition
      • Volume 52
      • December 2, 2012
      • N.F. de Rooij + 6 more
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 7 2 5 3
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 6 3 0 7
      This book contains the proceedings of 3 symposia dealing with various aspects of small scale structures. Symposium A deals with the development of new materials, including ceramics, polymers, metals, etc., their microstructuring as well as their potential for application in microsystems. All kinds of microsystems are considered, e.g. mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, biochemical and issues related to assembly and packaging were also covered.Symposium B deals with four topics: synthesis and preparation of nanostructured ceramics and composites with well-controlled geometric order and chemical composition; coupling of these structures to transducers for current and future chemical and biochemical devices based upon microoptics, microelectronics, microionics, microelectrodes or molecular cages; planar thin film structures and the control of covalent thin film/transducer couplings, the control of selective, stable and sensitive recognition centers at the surface, at grain boundaries or in the bulk of selected nanostructured materials with extremely narrow particle size distributions; analysis of these structures and sensor functions by means of techniques utilizing photons, electrons, ions, or atomic particle beam probes.Symposium E examines the structure-property relationships in thin films and multilayers, from the point of view of both fundamental studies and practical applications.

    • Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

      • 1st Edition
      • Volume 31
      • December 2, 2012
      • G. Böhme
      • English
      • Paperback
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 2 6
      • eBook
        9 7 8 0 4 4 4 5 9 7 5 7 1
      This volume is for use in technical universities, and for practising engineers who are involved with flow problems of non-Newtonian fluids. The treatment of the subject is based throughout on continuum mechanics model concepts and methods. Because in Non-Newtonian fluids the material properties operating depend critically on the kinematics of the flow, special attention is paid to the derivation and explanation of the adequate constitutive equations used. The book can be read without reference to other sources. It begins by considering some general principles of continuum mechanics, studies simple motions (steady and unsteady shear flows) and proceeds by degrees to kinematically more complex motions. Problems of various degrees of difficulty at the end of each chapter invite active participation by the reader. Numerous stimulating topics from the literature are considered in the book.

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