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Self-Organization, Computational Maps, and Motor Control

1st Edition
Volume 119
March 19, 1997
P.G. Morasso + 1 more
English
Paperback
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Hardback
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eBook
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In the study of the computational structure of biological/robotic sensorimotor systems, distributed models have gained center stage in recent years, with a range of issues including self-organization, non-linear dynamics, field computing etc. This multidisciplinary research area is addressed here by a multidisciplinary team of contributors, who provide a balanced set of articulated presentations which include reviews, computational models, simulation studies, psychophysical, and neurophysiological experiments.The book is divided into three parts, each characterized by a slightly different focus: in part I, the major theme concerns computational maps which typically model cortical areas, according to a view of the sensorimotor cortex as "geometric engine" and the site of "internal models" of external spaces. Part II also addresses problems of self-organization and field computing, but in a simpler computational architecture which, although lacking a specialized cortical machinery, can still behave in a very adaptive and surprising way by exploiting the interaction with the real world. Finally part III is focused on the motor control issues related to the physical properties of muscular actuators and the dynamic interactions with the world.The reader will find different approaches on controversial issues, such as the role and nature of force fields, the need for internal representations, the nature of invariant commands, the vexing question about coordinate transformations, the distinction between hierachiacal and bi-directional modelling, and the influence of muscle stiffness.

Admissibility of Logical Inference Rules

1st Edition
Volume 136
March 14, 1997
V.V. Rybakov
English
Hardback
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Paperback
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eBook
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The aim of this book is to present the fundamental theoretical results concerning inference rules in deductive formal systems. Primary attention is focused on:• admissible or permissible inference rules• the derivability of the admissible inference rules• the structural completeness of logics• the bases for admissible and valid inference rules.There is particular emphasis on propositional non-standard logics (primary, superintuitionistic and modal logics) but general logical consequence relations and classical first-order theories are also considered.The book is basically self-contained and special attention has been made to present the material in a convenient manner for the reader. Proofs of results, many of which are not readily available elsewhere, are also included.The book is written at a level appropriate for first-year graduate students in mathematics or computer science. Although some knowledge of elementary logic and universal algebra are necessary, the first chapter includes all the results from universal algebra and logic that the reader needs. For graduate students in mathematics and computer science the book is an excellent textbook.

Parallel Processing for Artificial Intelligence 3

1st Edition
Volume 20
February 10, 1997
J. Geller + 2 more
English
Paperback
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eBook
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The third in an informal series of books about parallel processing for Artificial Intelligence, this volume is based on the assumption that the computational demands of many AI tasks can be better served by parallel architectures than by the currently popular workstations. However, no assumption is made about the kind of parallelism to be used. Transputers, Connection Machines, farms of workstations, Cellular Neural Networks, Crays, and other hardware paradigms of parallelism are used by the authors of this collection.The papers arise from the areas of parallel knowledge representation, neural modeling, parallel non-monotonic reasoning, search and partitioning, constraint satisfaction, theorem proving, parallel decision trees, parallel programming languages and low-level computer vision. The final paper is an experience report about applications of massive parallelism which can be said to capture the spirit of a whole period of computing history.This volume provides the reader with a snapshot of the state of the art in Parallel Processing for Artificial Intelligence.

History of CERN, III

1st Edition
December 18, 1996
J. Krige
English
Hardback
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eBook
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The present volume covers the story of the history of CERN from the mid 1960s to the late 1970s. The book is organized in three main parts. The first, containing contributions by historians of science, perceives the laboratory as being at the node of a complex of interconnected relationships between scientists and science managers on the staff, the users in the member states, and the governments which were called upon to finance the organization. Parts II and III include chapters by practising scientists. The former surveys the theoretical and experimental physics results obtained at CERN in this period, while the latter describes the development of the laboratory's accelerator complex and Charpak detection techniques.

Handbook of Logic and Language

1st Edition
December 11, 1996
J. van Benthem + 1 more
English
eBook
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This Handbook documents the main trends in current research between logic and language, including its broader influence in computer science, linguistic theory and cognitive science.The history of the combined study of Logic and Linguistics goes back a long way, at least to the work of the scholastic philosophers in the Middle Ages. At the beginning of this century, the subject was revitalized through the pioneering efforts of Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and Polish philosophical logicians such as Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Around 1970, the landmark achievements of Richard Montague established a junction between state-of-the-art mathematical logic and generative linguistic theory. Over the subsequent decades, this enterprise of Montague Grammar has flourished and diversified into a number of research programs with empirical and theoretical substance.This appears to be the first Handbook to bring logic-language interface to the fore. Both aspects of the interaction between logic and language are demonstrated in the book i.e. firstly, how logical systems are designed and modified in response to linguistic needs and secondly, how mathematical theory arises in this process and how it affects subsequent linguistic theory.The Handbook presents concise, impartial accounts of the topics covered. Where possible, an author and a commentator have cooperated to ensure the proper breadth and technical content of the papers.The Handbook is self-contained, and individual articles are of the highest quality.

Progress in Optics

1st Edition
Volume 36
December 11, 1996
English
eBook
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This volume presents five review articles covering a broad range of topics which will be of interest to many scientists concerned with optics and related subjects.The first article deals with nonlinear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses. These materials have many interesting structural properties, some of which are useful for applications to integrated active optical devices. This article presents a review of experimental measurements of nonlinear absorption coefficients and nonlinear refractive indices of such materials. A review of various models formulated to explain their properties is also included.The next article reviews the research on super-resolution, i.e. the possibility of overcoming the classical diffraction limit of about half a wavelength. The problem is shown to be essentially equivalent to extrapolating the spatial frequency spectrum of the object beyond the spectral band of the optical system.

Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics '96

1st Edition
December 9, 1996
P. Schiano + 3 more
English
Hardback
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Paperback
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eBook
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In the last decade parallel computing has been put forward as the only computational answer to the increasing computational needs arising from very large and complex fluid dynamic problems. Considerable efforts are being made to use parallel computers efficiently to solve several fluid dynamic problems originating in aerospace, climate modelling and environmental applications.Paralle... CFD Conferences are international and aim to increase discussion among researchers worldwide.Topics covered in this particular book include typical CFD areas such as turbulence, Navier-Stokes and Euler solvers, reactive flows, with a good balance between both university and industrial applications. In addition, other applications making extensive use of CFD such as climate modelling and environmental applications are also included.Anyone involved in the challenging field of Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics will find this volume useful in their daily work.

Physical Structure

1st Edition
Volume 1
December 6, 1996
English
Hardback
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eBook
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The primary goal of this book is to summarize the current level of accumulated knowledge about the physical structure of solid surfaces with emphasis on well-defined surfaces at the gas-solid and vacuum-solid interfaces. The intention is not only to provide a standard reference for practitioners, but also to provide a good starting point for scientists who are just entering the field. The presentation in most of the chapters therefore assumes that the typical reader will have a good undergraduate background in chemistry, physics, or materials science. At the same time, coverage is comprehensive and at a high technical level with emphasis on fundamental physical principles. This first volume in a new series is appropriately devoted to the physical structure of surfaces, knowledge of which will be essential for a complete understanding of electronic properties and dynamical processes, the topics of the next two volumes in the series.The volume is divided into four parts. Part I describes the equilibrium properties of surfaces with emphasis on clean surfaces of bulk materials. Part II provides an introduction to some of the primary experimental methods that are used to determine surface crystal structures. Part III gives an overview of the vast topic of the structure of adsorbed layers. The concluding Part IV deals with the topics of defects in surface structures and phase transitions.

L12 Ordered Alloys

1st Edition
November 19, 1996
Frank R.N. Nabarro + 1 more
English
eBook
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Dislocations are lines of irregularity in the structure of a solid analogous to the bumps in a badly laid carpet. Like these bumps, they can be easily moved, and they provide the most important mechanism by which the solid can be deformed. They also have a strong influence on crystal growth and on the electronic properties of semiconductors.

The Theory of Singular Perturbations

1st Edition
Volume 42
November 8, 1996
E.M. de Jager + 1 more
English
Paperback
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eBook
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The subject of this textbook is the mathematical theory of singular perturbations, which despite its respectable history is still in a state of vigorous development. Singular perturbations of cumulative and of boundary layer type are presented. Attention has been given to composite expansions of solutions of initial and boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations, linear as well as quasilinear; also turning points are discussed.The main emphasis lies on several methods of approximation for solutions of singularly perturbed differential equations and on the mathematical justification of these methods. The latter implies a priori estimates of solutions of differential equations; this involves the application of Gronwall's lemma, maximum principles, energy integrals, fixed point theorems and Gåding's theorem for general elliptic equations. These features make the book of value to mathematicians and researchers in the engineering sciences, interested in the mathematical justification of formal approximations of solutions of practical perturbation problems. The text is selfcontained and each chapter is concluded with some exercises.

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