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111-120 of 226 results in All results

The Origin of Arcs

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 21
  • October 22, 2013
  • F.-C. Wezel
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 8 9 9 6 - 0
This volume contains a collection of papers presented as distinguished guest lectures at the International Conference on ``The Origin of Arcs'' held at the University of Urbino in September 1986, under the joint sponsorship of the European Union of Geosciences and the Italian Geological Society.The workshop on island and mountain arcs has been organized with the aim of increasing our understanding of the intrinsic nature of orogenic and post-orogenic processes, on the basis of empiric factual data, rather than particular theoretic models. Quite often a trivial piece of field data appears to bear much more weight than many fascinating hypotheses put forward by the human mind. This seems to be much more valid in geology, where a special method is necessitated by the particular nature of the geological phenomena and the time concept. Every general law deduced should be rooted in the study of the earth's development in geological time. It is the editor's opinion that there must first be an inductive picture by means of geological methods and then it must be interpreted by geophysicists in the light of physical laws. The geological method must serve, besides, to test the historical credibility of geophysical theories. It is clear that these two methods, the geological-historical one and the geophysical one, must be complementary and the one must not substitute the other.Since the problem of the structure and origin of arcs is open to several solutions, different factors being still unexplained, all correctly deduced opinions are considered by the editor. The contributors to this pre-conference volume have been asked to present essential geological results, as concrete as possible, on some basic problems, such as:Are the island and mountain arcs primary or induced features?How have these orogenic festoons developed into their similar regular shapes?What are the relationships between "primary" active arcs and "secondary" mountain arcs?What is the dominant deformational factor in the bulging of the arc?What is the real nature and tectonic significance of the Benioff zone?These papers have been grouped into five more or less natural sections, of which three are defined on the basis of geography. But of course several range broadly and the classification serves only to channel the discussion in a practical way.

Seismic Applications of Acoustic Reciprocity

  • 1st Edition
  • October 22, 2013
  • J.T. Fokkema + 1 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 9 1 2 0 - 8
The seismic applications of the reciprocity theorem developed in this book are partly based on lecture notes and publications from Professor de Hoop. Every student Professor de Hoop has taught knows the egg-shaped figure (affectionately known as "de Hoop's egg") that plays such an important role in his theoretical description of acoustic, electromagnetic and elastodynamic wave phenomena.On the one hand this figure represents the domain for the application of a reciprocity theorem in the analysis of a wavefield and on the other hand it symbolizes the power of a consistent wavefield description of this theorem.The roots of the reciprocity theorem lie in Green's theorem for Laplace's equation and Helmholtz's extension to the wave equation. In 1894, J.W. Strutt, who later became Lord Rayleigh, introduced in his book The Theory of Sound this extension under the name of Helmholtz's theorem. Nowadays it is known as Rayleigh's reciprocity theorem.Progress in seismic data processing requires the knowledge of all the theoretical aspects of the acoustic wave theory. The reciprocity theorem was chosen as the central theme of this book as it constitutes the fundaments of the seismic wave theory. In essence, two states are distinguished in this theorem. These can be completely different, although sharing the same time-invariant domain of application, and they are related via an interaction quantity. The particular choice of the two states determines the acoustic application, in turn making it possible to formulate the seismic experiment in terms of a geological system response to a known source function.In linear system theory, it is well known that the response to a known input function can be written as an integral representation where the impulse response acts as a kernel and operates on the input function. Due to the temporal invariance of the system, this integral representation is of the convolution type. In seismics, the temporal behaviour of the system is dealt with in a similar fashion; however the spatial interaction needs a different approach. The reciprocity theorem handles this interaction by identifying one state with the spatial impulse function, also known as the Green's function, while the other state is connected with the actual source distribution. In general, the resulting integral representation is not a spatial convolution. Moreover, the systematic use of the reciprocity theorem leads to a hierarchical description of the seismic experiment in terms of increasing complexity. Also from an educational point of view this approach provides a hierarchy and the student learns to break down the seismic problem into constituent partial solutions.This book should contribute to the understanding that the reciprocity theorem is a powerful tool in the analysis of the seismic experiment.

Deconvolution and Inverse Theory

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 29
  • October 22, 2013
  • V. Dimri
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 9 1 3 7 - 6
This is the first study to present simultaneously both deconvolution and inversion, two powerful tools of data analysis. Featured within this volume are various geophysical convolution models and a treatment of deconvolution for a time-varying signal. The single channel time-varying deconvolution is shown equivalent to the multichannel time-invariant deconvolution, thus a formalism and associated algorithms can handle both. Inverse theory as well as various inversion schemes are presented on the basis of a relationship between a small perturbation to the model and its effects on the observation. The information theory inversion scheme is discussed, and several types of norm of minimization presented. Additionally, concepts and results of inverse theory are applied to design a new deconvolution operator for estimating magnetization and density distribution, and the constraint of the Backus-Gilbert formalism of inverse theory is used to design a new prediction error filter for maximum entropy spectral estimates. Maximum likelihood, another high resolution method is also presented. This volume can be utilised as a graduate-level text for courses in Geophysics. Some chapters will be of use for graduate courses in Applied Mathematics, Applied Statistics, and Oceanography.

Gravity and Low-Frequency Geodynamics

  • 1st Edition
  • October 22, 2013
  • Roman Teisseyre
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 9 1 8 0 - 2
This fourth volume in the series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior, provides a comprehensive review of the geophysical and geodetical aspects related to gravity and low-frequency geodynamics. Such aspects include the Earth's gravity field, geoid shape theory, and low-frequency phenomena like rotation, oscillations and tides.Global-scale phenomena are treated as a response to source excitation in spherical Earth models consisting of several shells: lithosphere, mantle, core and sometimes also the inner solid core. The effect of gravitation and rotation on the Earth's shape is analysed. The satellite approach to studies of the gravity field and the geoid shape is discussed in some detail. Discussions of recent findings and developments are accompanied by a brief historical background.

Inverse Problem Theory

  • 1st Edition
  • April 1, 1987
  • A. Tarantola
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 9 9 6 7 - 4
Inverse Problem Theory is written for physicists, geophysicists and all scientists facing the problem of quantitative interpretation of experimental data. Although it contains a lot of mathematics, it is not intended as a mathematical book, but rather tries to explain how a method of acquisition of information can be applied to the actual world.The book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date description of the methods to be used for fitting experimental data, or to estimate model parameters, and to unify these methods into the Inverse Problem Theory. The first part of the book deals with discrete problems and describes Maximum likelihood, Monte Carlo, Least squares, and Least absolute values methods. The second part deals with inverse problems involving functions.The book is almost completely self-contained, with all important concepts carefully introduced. Although theoretical concepts are strongly emphasized, the author has ensured that all the useful formulas are listed, with many special cases included. The book will thus serve equally well as a reference manual for researchers needing to refresh their memories on a given algorithm, or as a textbook in a course for undergraduate or graduate students.

Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration

  • 1st Edition
  • September 26, 2013
  • Enwenode Onajite
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 2 0 0 2 3 - 4
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 2 0 0 2 9 - 6
Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration explains the fundamental concepts and skills used to acquire seismic data in the oil industry and the step-by-step techniques necessary to extract the sections that trap hydrocarbons as well as seismic data interpretation skills. It enhances the ability to interpret seismic data and use that data for basin evaluation, structural modeling of a fault, reservoir characterization, rock physics analysis, field development, and production studies. Understanding and interpreting seismic data is critical to oil and gas exploration companies. Arming young geoscientists with a reference that covers the key principles of seismic data analysis will enhance their job knowledge, skills and performance. A fundamental grasp of seismic data enhances employability and aids scientists in functioning effectively when working with seismic data in industry.

The Earth’s Electric Field

  • 1st Edition
  • September 21, 2013
  • Michael C. Kelley
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 8 8 6 - 8
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 8 8 3 - 7
The Earth’s Electric Field provides you with an integrated and comprehensive picture of the generation of the terrestrial electric fields, their dynamics and how they couple/propagate through the medium. The Earth’s Electric Field provides basic principles of terrestrial electric field related topics, but also a critical summary of electric field related observations and their significance to the various related phenomena in the atmosphere. For the first time, Kelley brings together information on this topic in a coherent way, making it easy to gain a broad overview of the critical processes in an efficient way. If you conduct research in atmospheric science, physics, atmospheric chemistry, space plasma physics, and solar terrestrial physics, you will find this book to be essential reading.

Reflection Seismology

  • 1st Edition
  • September 18, 2013
  • Yang Wencai
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 9 5 3 8 - 0
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 9 6 0 0 - 4
Authored by a geophysicist with more than 50 years of experience in research and instruction, Reflection Seismology: Theory, Data Processing and Interpretation provides a single source of foundational knowledge in reflection seismology principles and theory.Reflection seismology has a broad range of applications and is used primarily by the oil and gas industry to provide high-resolution maps and build a coherent geological story from maps of processed seismic reflections. Combined with seismic attribute analysis and other exploration geophysics tools, it aids geologists and geo-engineers in creating geological models of areas of exploration and extraction interest. Yet as important as reflection seismology is to the hydrocarbon industry, it’s difficult to find a single source that synthesizes the topic without having to wade through numerous journal articles from a range of different publishers. This book is a one-stop source of reflection seismology theory, helping scientists navigates through the wealth of new data processing techniques that have emerged in recent years.

Seismic Safety Evaluation of Concrete Dams

  • 1st Edition
  • August 23, 2013
  • Chong Zhang
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 8 0 8 3 - 6
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 9 1 9 - 9
The consequences of a large dam failing can be disastrous. However, predicting the performance of concrete dams during earthquakes is one of the most complex and challenging problems in structural dynamics. Based on a nonlinear approach, Seismic Safety Evaluation of Concrete Dams allows engineers to build models that account for nonlinear phenomena such as vertical joint slippage, cracks, and cavitation. This yields more accurate estimates. Advanced but readable, this book is the culmination of the work carried out by Tsinghua University Research Group on Earthquake Resistance on Dams over the last two decades.

Critical Excitation Methods in Earthquake Engineering

  • 2nd Edition
  • June 3, 2013
  • Izuru Takewaki
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 9 4 3 6 - 9
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 9 4 2 9 - 1
After the March 11, 2011, earthquake in Japan, there is overwhelming interest in worst-case analysis, including the critical excitation method. Nowadays, seismic design of structures performed by any seismic code is based on resisting previous natural earthquakes. Critical Excitation Methods in Earthquake Engineering, Second Edition, develops a new framework for modeling design earthquake loads for inelastic structures. The Second Edition, includes three new chapters covering the critical excitation problem for multi-component input ground motions, and that for elastic-plastic structures in a more direct way are incorporated and discussed in more depth. Finally, the problem of earthquake resilience of super high-rise buildings is discussed from broader viewpoints.

Related subjects

Applied geophysics

Crustal and mantle geophysics

Geomagnetism

Geothermics

Gravity geodesy

Seismic exploration

Seismology

Tectonophysics