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Elsevier

Books in Toxicology

  • Toxicology Disasters

    Causes and Consequences
    • 1st Edition
    • Sue Ford
    • English
    Toxicology Disasters: Cause and Consequences, a volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, provides an historical overview of significant toxicological disasters which involved chemical exposure of humans, animals or the environment. The book documents the timeline of events and the legacy of the resulting exposure which occurred within a specific period of time, but with long lasting consequences. Case studies of toxicological incidents and a wide range of categories, including environmental, industrial, pharmaceutical, domestic and international are not only discussed from a historical perspective but also regarding their impacted toxicology, regulation and our current use of these chemicals.The book will help toxicologists, academics and students from environmental health and toxicology departments, environmental/occupa... health regulators, and industrial hygiene/safety personnel gain a better understanding of the arc of a toxicological disaster from its origins, root causes of the problem, and initial and long-term assessments and management.

  • Mitochondrial Intoxication

    • 2nd Edition
    • Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
    • English
    Mitochondrial Intoxication, Second Edition, offers a comprehensive and fully updated exploration of the impact of toxic molecules on mitochondrial physiology and the diseases that result from their dysfunction. Divided into three sections, the book opens with a detailed overview of mitochondrial physiology, molecular markers of mitochondrial intoxication, and challenges of mitochondrial profiling during pre-clinical studies. The book then focuses on endogenous toxicants and their impact on mitochondria, including new chapters on lipids, glucose and microbiota-derived toxicants. Amyloid-β peptide and its impact on mitochondrial dysfunction is also a new addition to this book, as well as inflammation-induced mitochondrial intoxication.The final section explores exogenous toxicants, such as pollutants, food additives, illicit and pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, and heavy metals. The effects of micro- and nanoplastics on mitochondrial function are newly covered. Furthermore, the latest computational tools in mitochondrial toxicity research are investigated. Incorporating the latest advances in the field, this new release offers cutting-edge insights on mitochondrial toxicity, serving as an invaluable resource for researchers and advanced students in cell biology, molecular biology, toxicology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and related fields.

  • Epidemiology of Cannabis

    Genotoxicity, Neurotoxicity, Epigenomics and Aging
    • 1st Edition
    • Albert Stuart Reece + 1 more
    • English
    Epidemiology of Cannabis: Genotoxicity, Neurotoxicity, Epigenomics and Aging provides a novel and comprehensive exploration of five areas that have previously been associated with cannabis use, namely mental health in adults and young adults, pediatric autism, congenital anomalies, cancers, and aging. The book also explores the possibility of how these associations might be reflected in overall disease trends at the population health level. This book surveys these five areas in detail and applies cutting-edge analytical software and geospatial space–time analytical techniques to these questions. With all this information gathered into one book in an easily readable form, this book is a reference for clinicians, health science and allied health practitioners, public health and basic science researchers and drug and health regulators interested in these topics. It is also suitable for inclusion in course work and study preparation courses at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

  • Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology Volume 5: Toxicologic Pathology of Organ Systems

    • 4th Edition
    • Wanda M Haschek + 3 more
    • English
    Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Fourth Edition, Volume Five: Toxicologic Pathology of Organ Systems is a key reference on the integration of structure and functional changes in tissues associated with the response to pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and biologics. This book continues coverage of Organ-Specific Toxicologic Pathology and major organ systems not covered in Volume Four, and has been completely revised, making it an essential part of the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists, and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants.

  • Acetaminophen Toxicity

    Experimental and Clinical Advances
    • 1st Edition
    • Barry Rumack + 2 more
    • English
    Acetaminophen Toxicity: Experimental and Clinical Advances provides detailed information on the risks of consuming the drug in various situations and effective treatments of toxicity.Divided into two parts, the foundational aspects of this book cover the mechanism of toxicity in a detailed manner beginning with the history of acetaminophen to newly explored areas of genetics, proteomics, and metabolomics. The second half goes on to discuss clinical practices and examine where further research and therapeutic approaches may be headed. This part answers key questions about whom to treat, what are the exceptions, how long do you treat, how much antidote do you need, when are other treatments necessary, and what are those other treatments.With contributions from experts in the field, this book is a thorough, well-researched, and valuable reference for scientists, researchers, and clinicians engaged in pursuing better and more accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with acetaminophen toxicity.

  • Nonclinical Development of Biologics, Vaccines and Specialty Biologics

    • 2nd Edition
    • Lisa M. Plitnick + 1 more
    • English
    Nonclinical Development of Biologics, Vaccines and Specialty Biologics, Second Edition, is a complete reference devoted to the nonclinical safety assessment of novel biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, cell and gene therapies, and oncology therapeutics. Updated and revised, the new edition compares and contrasts these types of biologics with one another and with small molecule drugs, while incorporating the most current and essential international regulatory guidelines. This book discusses the different types of biologics, as well as early characterization strategies, principles of study design, nonclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, nonclinical assays, and regulatory guidelines. A coedited book with chapters authored by leading experts in the field, this comprehensive reference provides critical insights to all researchers involved in early through late-stage biologics.

  • Immunotoxicogenomics

    A Multidisciplinary Approach in Systems Toxicology
    • 1st Edition
    • Md. Naimat Ali + 2 more
    • English
    Immunotoxicogenomics... A Multidisciplinary Approach in Systems Toxicology covers the major mechanisms and effects of toxic substances on the immune system, and on the regulation of gene expression. This includes the aims, opportunities, clinical applications, recent developments, and emerging and future trends. The book begins with a discussion of the systemic approach to toxicants, but also looks at current genomic tools used to assess immunotoxicity and systems biology methods used in immuno-toxicogenomic... Other topics include genomic expression profiling, gene expression as a tool to understand and predict immunotoxicity, immunotox-icogenomic... as a screening tool, and the assessment and analysis of Immunotoxicogenomics data.This book provides a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach for researchers in the fields of toxicology, genetics, immunology, and others engaged in the study on the effects of toxic substances on immune responses.

  • Biomarkers in Environmental and Human Health Biomonitoring

    An Integrated Perspective
    • 1st Edition
    • Ritu Mishra + 3 more
    • English
    Biomarkers in Environmental and Human Health Biomonitoring: An Integrated Perspective provides a holistic view of the biomonitoring of environmental degradation, accumulated toxicity, and associated human health concerns. The book incorporates theoretical and practical aspects of the biomonitoring of environmental pollution and the health surveillance of ecological communities using samples from living organisms which are analyzed for contaminants and toxin levels. In the first half, the book provides a general overview if the different types of biomarkers, their significance as bioindicators for contaminants and detection of toxicity, as well as how they can be utilized in the restoration of degraded ecosystems.The second half of the book discusses molecular biomarkers and how they are used as diagnostic and prognostic tools for pollution monitoring. It also reviews analytical tools used to validate the biomarkers in the detection and monitoring of pollution and disease. Finally, the book delves into how novel approaches like genetic ecotoxicology; Big Data, and artificial intelligence calculates the potential consequences of environmental pollution on the ecosystems and on human health.

  • Public Health and Toxicology Issues in Drug Research, Volume 2

    Toxicity and Toxicodynamics
    • 1st Edition
    • Rakesh K. Tekade
    • English
    Public Health and Toxicology Issues in Drug Research: Toxicity and Toxicodynamics, Volume Two examines implications on public health and the impact of pharmaceuticals, chemical and food toxicants, dietary phytochemicals, and medical treatments. The book cover topics on pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics, such as population pharmacokinetics/tox... the design of toxicokinetic studies, and the use of toxicokinetic data in preclinical safety assessments. In addition, it investigates the health effect caused by the bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical and personal care products and the impact of drug-induced toxicity on different systems of the body.Final sections discuss the mechanistic pathways of food toxicants and illustrate the molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive role of dietary phytochemicals. Ethical, legal, societal, and professional issues in toxicology round off coverage, making this a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about the health impact and public health issues related to the toxicity of pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, personal care products, and medical treatments.

  • Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume 4: Toxicologic Pathology of Organ Systems

    • 4th Edition
    • Wanda M. Haschek + 3 more
    • English
    Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume Four: Toxicologic Pathology of Organ Systems is a key reference on the integration of structure and functional changes in tissues associated with the response to pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biologics. Organ systems covered include cardiac, vascular and skeletal muscle systems and the endocrine, respiratory, reproductive, digestive and nervous systems. Completely revised with a new olfactory chapter, this new release is an essential part of the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants.

  • Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 4th edition, 9 volume set

    • 4th Edition
    • Philip Wexler
    • English
    Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Fourth Edition is the most extensive compendium surveying the full scope of toxicology, including its chemical, biological and physical (e.g., radiation) perspectives. Spanning nine volumes, this new edition comprises 1150 thoroughly revised and 70 entirely new entries authored by experts in their respective fields, selected by a globally recognized board who have brought rigorous editorial skills to the project. New areas covered in this release include the bourgeoning field of computational toxicology, research applications of alternatives to animal testing, the rise in development and use of consumer products and their effects on populations, and the increasing introduction and use of pharmaceutical ingredients and their interactions. Other chapters of note cover artificial intelligence models of toxicological exposure and effects, extractables and leachable testing, climate change implications for humans, animals and the environment, screening models, -omics, tools such as sequence alignment to predict across species susceptibility, and much more.

  • History of Food and Nutrition Toxicology

    • 1st Edition
    • Esther Haugabrooks + 1 more
    • English
    **Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Nutrition**History of Food and Nutrition Toxicology, part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, provides an overview of history in the field to help readers better understand future applications for evaluating newer and valuable approaches and their impacts on human health. The book explores issues associated with chemical contaminants, toxicants, the use of dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals, and increasing concerns surrounding food toxicity and safety. The addition of historical case studies and end-of chapter questions make the book ideal for toxicologists, food scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and other researchers who want to understand current state and future challenges in the field.

  • Personal Care Products and Human Health

    • 1st Edition
    • Philippa D. Darbre
    • English
    Personal Care Products and Human Health provides background, historical context and the latest research results on personal care products (PCPs) and their impact on human health and the environment. Sections provide an overview of the functions and mechanisms of action of components of personal care products, discuss environmental toxicology, outline the problems of contamination of water systems from increasing use of personal care products and the resulting toxicities to aquatic wildlife, and offer chapters written by specialists on different aspects of concern for the effects of excessive personal care product usage on human health. This is a comprehensive reference for toxicologists, environment scientists and those interested in learning about the science behind personal care products and current concerns for environmental and human health.

  • Biocompatibility Protocols for Medical Devices and Materials

    • 1st Edition
    • Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam + 2 more
    • English
    Biocompatibility Protocols for Medical Devices and Materials provides comprehensive coverage of the basic science and toxicological testing protocols necessary for the risk assessment and safety analysis of medical devices and materials which are based on the ISO guidelines for body contact and duration of contact. The book begins with device/component selection for toxicological experiments and provides an introduction to topics such as sensitization, irritation tests, material-mediated pyrogenicity, and bacterial-mediated pyrogenicity. Toxicology-related chapters explain the protocols for cytotoxicity, acute systemic toxicity, repeated-exposure systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity testing. Biocompatibility Protocols for Medical Devices and Materials is a practical guide that provides step-by-step toxicological protocols ranging from materials selection to data interpretation for toxicologists, biomedical researchers, healthcare professionals, product developers, and others working in risk assessment and safety analysis of medical devices.

  • Essentials of Pharmatoxicology in Drug Research, Volume 1

    Toxicity and Toxicodynamics
    • 1st Edition
    • Rakesh K. Tekade
    • English
    Toxicity and Toxicodynamics, Volume One in the Essentials of Pharmatoxicology in Drug Research series provides an overview on the essentials of toxicology, risk assessment and the mechanisms. Topics discussed include the types of cellular responses to chemical toxicants, mechanisms of drug toxicity, and their relevance to pharmaceutical product development. The book examines omics and computer-aided technologies for mechanistic and predictive toxicology and covers state-of-art testing in the evaluation of detrimental pathways, dose selection in toxicity studies, as well as the role of regulatory agencies in toxicity studies. In addition, there is also discussion on clinical interventions such as pharmacotherapy and managed care strategies for acute poisoning. This volume is a valuable resource to those learning more about the drug development process related to toxicology and those who want to get an update on newer concepts on the toxicology aspect of drug research.

  • Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume 3: Environmental Toxicologic Pathology and Major Toxicant Classes

    • 4th Edition
    • Wanda M. Haschek + 3 more
    • English
    Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Fourth Edition, recognized by many as the most authoritative single source of information in the field of toxicologic pathology, has been extensively updated to continue its comprehensive coverage. The fourth edition has been expanded to five separate volumes due to an explosion of information in this field requiring new and updated chapters. Completely revised with a number of new chapters, this book covers the toxicologic pathology of major classes of environmental toxicants. Volumes emphasize the comparative and correlative aspects of normal biology and toxicant-induced dysfunction, principal methods for toxicologic pathology evaluation, and major mechanisms of toxicity. This series comprises the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists, and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants. Each volume is being published separately.

  • Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology

    • 2nd Edition
    • Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
    • English
    Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology, Second Edition presents the latest findings on arsenic, including its chemistry, sources and effects on the environment and human health. The book discusses both acute and chronic effects, discussing many aspects of arsenic, from physical and chemical properties, exposure, epidemiology, organ toxicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Fully updated and revised, this new edition includes new topics on risk assessment, molecular mechanisms of arsenic, advances in the integrated approach to testing, assessment and development, evaluation and application of high content predictive models, and new alternative methods (NAMS) in the context of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to assess toxicology. This comprehensive resource allows readers to effectively assess the risks related to arsenic, providing them with all they need to know on arsenic exposure, toxicity and toxicity prevention.

  • Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume 2: Safety Assessment and Toxicologic Pathology

    • 4th Edition
    • Wanda M. Haschek + 3 more
    • English
    Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, recognized by many as the most authoritative single source of information in the field of toxicologic pathology, has been extensively updated to continue its comprehensive and timely coverage. The fourth edition has been expanded to five separate volumes due to an explosion of information in this field requiring new and updated chapters. Completely revised with a number of new chapters, Volume 2: Toxicologic Pathology in Safety Assessment is an essential part of the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology principles and techniques for assessing product safety and human risk. Volume 2 describes the integration of product-induced structural and functional changes in tissues and the interpretation of their biological implications. Completely revised with many new chapters, Volume 2 of the Fourth Edition covers product safety assessment from many angles including current and emerging issues in toxicologic pathology for many product classes. Volume 2 of the Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology is a key resource for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists, and regulators who use toxicologic pathology methods to study and make decisions on product safety.

  • "Venomous" Bites from "Non-Venomous" Snakes

    • 2nd Edition
    • Scott A Weinstein + 2 more
    • English
    "Venomous" Bites from "Non-Venomous" Snakes, Second Edition thoroughly examines the potential hazards associated with bites by non-front-fanged snakes (popularly, but inaccurately, called "rear-fanged snakes"). This diverse group contains approximately 80% of living snake species (approximately 2,900 species). A large proportion of these snakes were previously assigned to the family Colubridae but, as a consequence of expanding systematics investigations, have been split into multiple families and subfamilies. Many of these snakes produce venoms or oral secretions that contain toxins and other biologically active substances. A large variety of non–front-fanged snakes figure in the pet industry, yet little documented information or formal study of their potential medical importance has been published. Therefore, although the possible medical importance of many of these species has been subjected to speculation since the mid-19th century, there is a limited amount of useful descriptive information regarding the real hazard (or lack thereof) of this wide variety of snakes. The first edition of this book provided "one-stop shopping" by offering information regarding their possible toxicity and clinical relevance as well as recommendations for medical management of their bites. The second edition expands and updates the content with detailed information about the effects and medical management of bites by a broad representation of non–front-fanged species. The hypothetical venomous nature of some lizards considered as non-venomous such as the Komodo monitor or dragon and their allies, as well as the medical effects of their bites, is also examined. The dynamic taxonomy of advanced snakes is updated, and the bases for some of these fluid changes are discussed. Likewise, terminology is also updated in order to reflect the ongoing debates regarding the definition of "venom" and the balanced reinforcement of nonmedical criteria used to define the biological basis of the term "venomous."

  • Fundamentals of Nanotoxicology

    Concepts and Applications
    • 1st Edition
    • PK Gupta
    • English
    Fundamentals of Nanotoxicology: Concepts and Applications provides an outline to fundamental concepts of nanotoxicology and their applications. The book opens historical oversights on nanotechnology, terminology, comparison of nanomaterial sizes, and an overview of regulations. It then goes on to cover types, classifications, sources and properties. It also delves into mechanisms of toxicity as well as health and safety assessments. Biomedical, agricultural, and food applications are explored, and ecotoxicology and the environmental impact on nanomaterials rounds out the book’s overview of this topic. This book will be a helpful resource for understanding concepts and current knowledge to academics, advanced students, and researchers interested in entering or learning more about this interdisciplinary field of study.

  • Environmental Contaminants and Medicinal Plants Action on Female Reproduction

    • 1st Edition
    • Alexander V. Sirotkin + 1 more
    • English
    Environmental Contaminants and Medicinal Plants Action on Female Reproduction discusses the problem of environmental pollution, medicinal and food plants, and their impact on reproduction. The book describes the mechanisms of environmental contaminants' action, outlines the key causes of their harmful impact on reproduction, and explores what regulatory substances and processes should be targeted due to the negative effect of pollutants on reproduction. Furthermore, it describes the provenance, properties, physiological and therapeutic effects, and possible areas of application of the known medicinal and functional food plants and their constituents with a focus on female reproductive processes. This book will be a useful resource for reproductive biologists, specialists in assisted reproduction, animal production and phytotherapy, toxicologists, pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, endocrinologists, medicinal and natural product chemists, nutritionists and others engaged in the study of environmental contaminants and medicinal and functional food plants.

  • Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume 1: Principles and Practice of Toxicologic Pathology

    • 4th Edition
    • Wanda M. Haschek + 3 more
    • English
    Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, recognized by many as the most authoritative single source of information in the field of toxicologic pathology, has been extensively updated to continue its comprehensive and timely coverage. The fourth edition has been expanded to four separate volumes due to an explosion of information in this field requiring new and updated chapters. Completely revised with a number of new chapters, Volume 1, "Principles and the Practice of Toxicologic Pathology," covers the practice of toxicologic pathology in three parts: Principles of Toxicologic Pathology, Methods in Toxicologic Pathology, and the Practice of Toxicologic Pathology. Other volumes in this work round out the depth and breadth of coverage.Volume 2 encompasses "Toxicologic Pathology in Safety Assessment" and "Environmental Toxicologic Pathology". These two sections cover the application of toxicologic pathology in developing specific product classes, principles of data interpretation for safety assessment, and toxicologic pathology of major classes of environmental toxicants. Volumes 3 and 4 provide deep and broad treatment of "Target Organ Toxicity", emphasizing the comparative and correlative aspects of normal biology and toxicant-induced dysfunction, principal methods for toxicologic pathology evaluation, and major mechanisms of toxicity. These volumes comprise the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists, and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants. Each volume is being published separately.　

  • History of Modern Clinical Toxicology

    • 1st Edition
    • Alan Woolf
    • English
    History of Modern Clinical Toxicology describes the extraordinary advances in the practice of clinical toxicology within the past 70 years and brings together stories of the people – the champions of clinical toxicology - who contributed to these advances, discovered new therapies and antidotes, and made change happen. This book lays out the poison control system they built and the fascinating story of how they created a new and evolving medical specialty. With the participation of renowned international experts as authors, the book showcases the development of poison control centers around the world and the growth of the professional societies that represent and support them today. This book also tells the stories of the modern-day toxic disasters and recent toxic exposures that gained worldwide attention and notoriety. It outlines the public health responses to such calamities which have led to improvements in our understanding of the science and changes in public health policies and regulations to forestall future such events. Finally, the book covers key policies and agencies affecting poison control centers, addresses the challenges facing clinical toxicologists of today, and predicts advances and future innovations in the field. History of Modern Clinical Toxicology is a unique resource that provides the historical and international perspective that will help students, practitioners, scientists, and health policy makers put current issues and methods in perspective. It will help them understand how infrastructure and processes in clinical toxicology have evolved and why poison control systems are configured as they are.

  • Endocrine Disruption and Human Health

    • 2nd Edition
    • Philippa D. Darbre
    • English
    **Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Endocrinology/Metabo... Disease**Updated with new and expanded chapters, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, Second Edition provides an introduction to what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem and the mechanisms of action and assay systems. Contributions by specialists are included to discuss the varying effects of endocrine disruption on human health, and procedures for risk assessment of endocrine disruptors, and current approaches to their regulation are also covered.With new material on topics such as low-term, low dose mixtures, windows of susceptibility, epigenetics, EDCs effect on the gut microbiome, EDCs in from polluted air and oral exposures, green chemistry, and nanotechnology, the new edition of Endocrine Disruption and Human Health is a valuable and informative text for academic and clinical researchers and other health professionals approaching endocrine disruption and its effects on human health for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students.

  • Contamination of Water

    Health Risk Assessment and Treatment Strategies
    • 1st Edition
    • Arif Ahamad + 2 more
    • English
    Water containing significant amounts of inorganic and organic contaminants can have serious environmental consequences and serious health implications when ingested. Contamination of Water: Health Risk Assessment and Treatment Strategies takes an interconnected look at the various pollutants, the source of contamination, the effects of contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health, and what the potential mitigation strategies are. This book is organized into three sections. The first section examines the sources of potential contamination. This includes considering the current scenario of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in water as well as the regions impacted due to industrialization, mining, or urbanization. The second section goes on to discuss water contamination and health risks caused by toxic elements, radiological contaminants, microplastics and nanoparticles, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. This book concludes with a section exploring efficient low-cost treatment technologies and remediation strategies that remove toxic pollutants from water. Contamination of Water incorporates both theoretical and practical information that will be useful for researchers, professors, graduate students, and professionals working on water contamination, environmental and health impacts, and the management and treatment of water resources.

  • Toxicological Risk Assessment and Multi-System Health Impacts from Exposure

    • 1st Edition
    • Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
    • English
    Toxicological Risk Assessment and Multisystem Health Impacts From Exposure highlights the emerging problems of human and environmental health attributable to cumulative and multiple sources of long-term exposure to environmental toxicants. The book describes the cellular, biological, immunological, endocrinologic, genetic, and epigenetic effects of long-term exposure. It examines how the combined exposure to nanomaterials, metals, pharmaceuticals, multifrequency radiation, dietary mycotoxins, and pesticides accelerates ecotoxicity in humans, animals, plants, and the larger environment. The book goes on to also offer insights into mixture risk assessments, protocols for evaluating the risks, and how this information can serve the regulatory agencies in setting safer exposure limits. The book is a go-to resource for scientists and professionals in the field tackling the current and emerging trends in modern toxicology and risk assessment.

  • Nutraceuticals

    Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity
    • 2nd Edition
    • Ramesh C. Gupta + 2 more
    • English
    Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity, Second Edition, brings together everything that is currently known about nutraceuticals and their potential toxic effects. The book introduces readers to nutraceuticals, herbal medicines, Ayurvedic medicines, prebiotics, probiotics, adaptogens, and their uses and specific applications. This essential reference discusses the mechanism of action for the judicious use of these nutraceuticals and the best tools for their evaluation before detailing the safety and toxicity of nutraceuticals and interactions with other therapeutic drugs. Finally, and crucially, regulatory aspects from around the world are covered. Completely revised and updated, this updated edition provides toxicologists, pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, and those interested in medicinal plants and natural products with a comprehensive overview of the most effective tools upon which to evaluate the safety and toxicity of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics and alternative medicines.

  • Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products

    • 1st Edition
    • Manuel C. Peitsch + 1 more
    • English
    Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products　(ENDP) discusses the scientific basis for the toxicological assessment and evaluation of ENDPs. The book covers aerosol chemistry, in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical studies. It provides the basis for the evaluation of short and long term-effects, along with relative risks. It also examines the potential role of ENDPs in tobacco harm reduction and how they may reduce the risk of disease in smokers who switch to them.　This book is a comprehensive resource for toxicologists, health practitioners and public health professionals who want the scientific information necessary to assess the relative risk of ENDPs when compared with cigarette smoking and cessation.

  • Toxicology

    Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants
    • 1st Edition
    • Vinood B. Patel + 1 more
    • English
    Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants examines the nature of oxidative stress as a consequence of exposure to toxins and how antioxidant approaches can mitigate the impact of toxicant exposures. Sections covers the basic biology of oxidative stress, from molecular biology, to physiological pathology, mechanisms of action of specific toxicants, metals and other chemicals/drugs, and antioxidant approaches and therapies for toxic exposures. With contributions from an international group of experts, useful summary sections, a dictionary of terms, and applications to other areas of toxicology, this book is an informative, consolidated reference that helps bridge the interrelationship between toxicology, oxidative stress and antioxidants.

  • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms

    • 1st Edition
    • Loutfy H. Madkour
    • English
    Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms presents the role of ROS‒mediated pathways cellular signaling stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, nanomaterials, and the mechanisms by which metalloids and nanoparticles induce their toxic effects. The book covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and free radicals on macromolecules cells organisms, heavy metals‒induced cell responses, oxidative stress, the source of oxidants, and the roles of ROS, oxidative stress and oxidative damage mechanisms. It also examines the nanotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials and the effects of nanoparticle interactions. Antioxidant defense therapy and strategies for treatment round out the book, making it an ideal resource for researchers and professional scientists in toxicology, environmental chemistry, environmental science, nanomaterials and the pharmaceutical sciences.

  • Toxicological Aspects of Medical Device Implants

    • 1st Edition
    • Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam + 2 more
    • English
    Toxicological Aspects of Medical Device Implants provides comprehensive information on the use of medical implant and devices and the balance between the application of the devices in relation to any potential adverse effects. In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medical devices, many international policies, regulations, and standards have been established, and the book also discusses medical devices within this regulatory framework. The book covers a broad range of disease topics and disease-specific implants and an interdisciplinary team of experts brings a wealth of information on implants used in various disease models and associated risk factors. Toxicological Aspects of Medical Device Implants is a comprehensive resource for toxicologists, biomedical engineers, immunologists, medical staff, regulators, and manufacturers working in the field who need to be aware of the potential toxicity and device management of such a wide variety of implants and devices and their health risks.

  • Information Resources in Toxicology, Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools

    • 5th Edition
    • Philip Wexler
    • English
    This new fifth edition of Information Resources in Toxicology offers a consolidated entry portal for the study, research, and practice of toxicology. Both volumes represents a unique, wide-ranging, curated, international, annotated bibliography, and directory of major resources in toxicology and allied fields such as environmental and occupational health, chemical safety, and risk assessment. The editors and authors are among the leaders of the profession sharing their cumulative wisdom in toxicology’s subdisciplines. This edition keeps pace with the digital world in directing and linking readers to relevant websites and other online tools.Due to the increasing size of the hardcopy publication, the current edition has been divided into two volumes to make it easier to handle and consult. Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools, arranged in 5 parts, begins with chapters on the science of toxicology, its history, and informatics framework in Part 1. Part 2 continues with chapters organized by more specific subject such as cancer, clinical toxicology, genetic toxicology, etc. The categorization of chapters by resource format, for example, journals and newsletters, technical reports, organizations constitutes Part 3. Part 4 further considers toxicology’s presence via the Internet, databases, and software tools. Among the miscellaneous topics in the concluding Part 5 are laws and regulations, professional education, grants and funding, and patents. Volume 2: The Global Arena offers contributed chapters focusing on the toxicology contributions of over 40 countries, followed by a glossary of toxicological terms and an appendix of popular quotations related to the field.The book, offered in both print and electronic formats, is carefully structured, indexed, and cross-referenced to enable users to easily find answers to their questions or serendipitously locate useful knowledge they were not originally aware they needed. Among the many timely topics receiving increased emphasis are disaster preparedness, nanotechnology, -omics, risk assessment, societal implications such as ethics and the precautionary principle, climate change, and children’s environmental health.

  • Information Resources in Toxicology, Volume 2: The Global Arena

    • 5th Edition
    • Philip Wexler
    • English
    This new fifth edition of Information Resources in Toxicology offers a consolidated entry portal for the study, research, and practice of toxicology. Both volumes represents a unique, wide-ranging, curated, international, annotated bibliography, and directory of major resources in toxicology and allied fields such as environmental and occupational health, chemical safety, and risk assessment. The editors and authors are among the leaders of the profession sharing their cumulative wisdom in toxicology’s subdisciplines. This edition keeps pace with the digital world in directing and linking readers to relevant websites and other online tools.Due to the increasing size of the hardcopy publication, the current edition has been divided into two volumes to make it easier to handle and consult. Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools, arranged in 5 parts, begins with chapters on the science of toxicology, its history, and informatics framework in Part 1. Part 2 continues with chapters organized by more specific subject such as cancer, clinical toxicology, genetic toxicology, etc. The categorization of chapters by resource format, for example, journals and newsletters, technical reports, organizations constitutes Part 3. Part 4 further considers toxicology’s presence via the Internet, databases, and software tools. Among the miscellaneous topics in the concluding Part 5 are laws and regulations, professional education, grants and funding, and patents. Volume 2: The Global Arena offers contributed chapters focusing on the toxicology contributions of over 40 countries, followed by a glossary of toxicological terms and an appendix of popular quotations related to the field.The book, offered in both print and electronic formats, is carefully structured, indexed, and cross-referenced to enable users to easily find answers to their questions or serendipitously locate useful knowledge they were not originally aware they needed. Among the many timely topics receiving increased emphasis are disaster preparedness, nanotechnology, -omics, risk assessment, societal implications such as ethics and the precautionary principle, climate change, and children’s environmental health.

  • Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents

    • 3rd Edition
    • Ramesh C. Gupta
    • English
    Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Third Edition, covers every aspect of deadly toxic chemicals used in conflicts, warfare and terrorism. Including findings from experimental as well as clinical studies, this essential reference offers in-depth coverage of individual toxicants, target organ toxicity, major incidents, toxic effects in humans, animals and wildlife, biosensors and biomarkers, on-site and laboratory analytical methods, decontamination and detoxification procedures, and countermeasures. Expanding on the second edition, Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents has been completely updated, presenting the most recent advances in field. Brand new chapters include a new chapter on emergency preparedness, coverage of the chemical warfare agents used in Syria, the use of the Novichok agent in the UK, and more.

  • An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Toxicology

    From Molecules to Man
    • 1st Edition
    • Carey N. Pope + 1 more
    • English
    An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Toxicology: From Molecules to Man integrates the various aspects of toxicology, from “simple” molecular systems, to complex human communities, with expertise from a spectrum of interacting disciplines. Chapters are written by specialists within a given subject, such as a chemical engineer, nutritional scientist, or a microbiologist, so subjects are clearly explained and discussed within the toxicology context. Many chapters are comparative across species so that students in ecotoxicology learn mammalian toxicology and vice versa. Specific citations, further reading, study questions, and other learning features are also included. The book allows students to concurrently learn concepts in both biomedical and environmental toxicology fields, thus better equipping them for the many career opportunities toxicology provides. This book will also be useful to those wishing to reference how disciplines interact within the broad field of toxicology.

  • Loomis's Essentials of Toxicology

    • 5th Edition
    • A. Wallace Hayes + 3 more
    • English
    Loomis's Essentials of Toxicology, Fifth Edition, provides the information on the harmful biologic effects associated with exposures to chemicals of all types. The scope of this book includes a discussion of the major types of chemicals involved, their general properties and detrimental biologic effects, the methods used to demonstrate these effects, the basis for clinical diagnosis, and therapy for the harmful effects of chemicals on humans. Individual examples are used to demonstrate the principle discussed. This reference volume will be an invaluable resource for both toxicologists and graduate and advanced undergraduate students in toxicology and public health.

  • Advances in Molecular Toxicology

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 13
    • James C. Fishbein + 1 more
    • English
    Advances in Molecular Toxicology, Volume Thirteen, features the latest advances in the subspecialties of the broad area of molecular toxicology. This series details the study of the molecular basis of toxicology by which a vast array of agents encountered in the human environment, and produced by the human body, manifest themselves as toxins. The work not only documents these examples, but also covers the complex web of chemical and biological events that give rise to toxin-induced symptoms and disease. The new technologies that are being harnessed to analyze and understand these events are also reviewed by leading experts in the field.

  • Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness

    • 1st Edition
    • S.J.S. Flora + 1 more
    • English
    Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness provides detailed information on biological warfare agents and their mode of transmission and spread. In addition, it explains methods of detection and medical countermeasures, including vaccine and post-exposure therapeutics, with specific sections detailing diseases, their transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines, prevention and management. This book is useful reading for researchers and advanced students in toxicology, but it will also prove helpful for medical students, civil administration, medical doctors, first responders and security forces. As the highly unpredictable nature of any event involving biological warfare agents has given rise to the need for the rapid development of accurate detection systems, this book is a timely resource on the topic.

  • Clinical Research in Paediatric Psychopharmacology

    A Practical Overview of the Ethical, Scientific, and Regulatory Aspects
    • 1st Edition
    • Philippe Auby
    • English
    Clinical Research in Paediatric Psychopharmacology: An Overview of the Ethical, Scientific and Regulatory Aspects provides a practical guide and overview of the ethical, scientific and regulatory aspects of clinical research in pediatric psychopharmacology, also discussing practical points to consider when developing clinical research in this field. The book is ideal for professionals involved in clinical research in pediatric psychopharmacology, i.e., including, but not limited to pediatricians, health care professionals, researchers, investigators, pharmaceutical company personals and potentially ethics committee members. Topics discussed include the role of patient organization and advocacy groups in research, the role of families and patients: ‘should I involve my kid in clinical research, and historical, ethical, regulatory, clinical, scientific, intercultural and practical aspects of clinical research in child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

  • Nanomycotoxicology

    Treating Mycotoxins in the Nano Way
    • 1st Edition
    • Mahendra Rai + 1 more
    • English
    Nanomycotoxicology: Treating Mycotoxins in Nanoway discusses the role of nanotechnology in the detection, toxicity and management of different types of mycotoxins. Sections cover the topic of nanomycotoxicology, the application of nanotechnology for quicker, more cost-effective and precise diagnostic procedures of mycotoxins and toxicogenic fungi, and the application of nanotechnology for the management of mycotoxigenic fungi. New topics, such as the application of nanotechnology in disease management, disease forecasting, and disease resistance, mycotoxin detection, and nanodiagnostic and molecular techniques are also presented. With chapter contributions from an international group of experts, this book presents an interdisciplinary reference for scientists and researchers working in mycotoxicology, nanotechnology, mycology, plant science, and food safety. In addition, it will be a useful tool for industrial scientists investigating technologies to update their nanotoxicology and nanosafety knowledge.

  • Biomarkers in Toxicology

    • 2nd Edition
    • Ramesh C. Gupta
    • English
    Biomarkers in Toxicology, Second Edition, is a timely and comprehensive reference dedicated to all aspects of biomarkers that relate to chemical exposure and their effects on biological systems. This revised and completely updated edition includes both vertebrate and non-vertebrate species models for toxicological testing and the development of biomarkers. Divided into several key sections, this reference volume contains new chapters devoted to topics in microplastics, neuroimmunotoxicity and nutraceuticals, along with a look at the latest cutting-edge technologies used to detect biomarkers. Each chapter contains several references to current literature and important resources for further reading. Given this comprehensive treatment, this book is an essential reference for anyone interested in biomarkers across the scientific and biomedical fields.

  • Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research

    • 1st Edition
    • Robert L. Maynard + 1 more
    • English
    Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research presents the detailed systematic anatomy of the rat, with a focus on toxicological needs. Most large works dealing with the laboratory rat provide a chapter on anatomy, but fall far short of the detailed account in this book which also focuses on the needs of toxicologists and others who use the rat as a laboratory animal. The book includes detailed guides on dissection methods and the location of specific tissues in specific organ systems. Crucially, the book includes classic illustrations from Miss H. G. Q. Rowett, along with new color photo-micrographs. Written by two of the top authors in their fields, this book can be used as a reference guide and teaching aid for students and researchers in toxicology. In addition, veterinary/medical students, researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research, and researchers in zoology, comparative anatomy, physiology and pharmacology will find this book to be a great resource.

  • Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks

    Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment
    • 1st Edition
    • Benoit Roig + 2 more
    • English
    Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment addresses the threats facing the rapidly changing world and provides guidance on how to manage risks to population health. Unlike conventional and recognized risks (major, industrial, and natural), emerging risks are characterized by low or non-existent scientific knowledge, high levels of uncertainty, and different levels of acceptability by the relevant authorities and exposed populations. Emerging risk must be analyzed through multiple and crossed approaches identifying the phenomenon linked to the emergence of risk but also by combining scientific, policy and social data in order to provide more enlightened decision making. Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment provides examples of transdisciplinary approaches used to characterize, analyze, and manage emerging risks. This book will be useful for public health researchers, policy makers, and students as well as those working in emergency management, risk management, security, environmental health, nanomaterials, and food science.

  • Toxicoepigenetics

    Core Principles and Applications
    • 1st Edition
    • Shaun D. McCullough + 1 more
    • English
    Toxicoepigenetics: Core Principles and Applications examines the core aspects of epigenetics, including chromatin biology, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA, as well as fundamental techniques and considerations for studying each of these mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Although its integration into the field of toxicology is in its infancy, epigenetics have taken center stage in the study of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Increasing the presence of epigenetics in toxicological research allows for a more in-depth understanding of important aspects of toxicology such as the role of the environment and lifestyle influencing the individual susceptibility to these effects and the trans-generational transmission of these health effects and susceptibilities. Methods chapters are included to help improve efficacy and efficiency of protocols in both the laboratory and the classroom. Toxicoepigenetics: Core Principles and Applications is an essential book for researchers and academics using epigenetics in toxicology research and study.

  • Toxicology in Antiquity

    • 2nd Edition
    • English
    Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts.

  • The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology

    • 1st Edition
    • English
    The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reducti... Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. 　 The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.

  • Advances in Molecular Toxicology

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 12
    • James C. Fishbein + 1 more
    • English
    Advances in Molecular Toxicology, Volume Twelve, features the latest advances in the subspecialties of the broad area of molecular toxicology. This series details the study of the molecular basis of toxicology by which a vast array of agents encountered in the human environment, and produced by the human body, manifest themselves as toxins. The work not only documents these examples, but also covers the complex web of chemical and biological events that give rise to toxin-induced symptoms and disease. The new technologies that are being harnessed to analyze and understand these events are also reviewed by leading experts in the field.

  • Risk Assessment for Human Metal Exposures

    Mode of Action and Kinetic Approaches
    • 1st Edition
    • Gunnar F. Nordberg + 1 more
    • English
    Risk Assessment for Human Metal Exposures: Mode of Action and Kinetic Approaches examines the current principles of risk assessment in human metal exposures, with a focus on Mode of Action(MOA), Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic (TKTD) considerations, and computer models. Derived from the highly respected Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition (2014), the book summarizes principles and methods and provides examples of how MOA –TKTD can be used. In addition, it presents tactics on how information generated by such methods can be confirmed by epidemiological data. Furthermore, it demonstrates how epidemiological data can be confirmed and evaluated by the examined models and considerations. This resource uniquely integrates several important topics, such as risk assessment, characterization, management and communication—the classic risk assessment paradigm—with mode of action, TKTD, and epidemiology, all topics related to human exposure. Written by pioneers in the field, this book is an essential reference for researchers, students and technicians in toxicology and risk assessment.

  • Emerging Nanotechnologies in Immunology

    The Design, Applications and Toxicology of Nanopharmaceuticals and Nanovaccines
    • 1st Edition
    • Ranjita Shegokar + 1 more
    • English
    Emerging Nanotechnologies in Immunology aims to deliver a systematic and comprehensive review of data concerning the nature of interaction and nano-related risks between the nanophamaceuticals currently in the pipeline of S&T development for skin, ocular, and nasal drug delivery, including absorption, toxicity, and the ability to distribute after systemic exposure.The scientific development of manufactured nanomaterials for drug delivery is increasing rapidly. One of the most prominent applications is topical drug delivery, where cutaneous, ocular, and nasal exposure becomes even more relevant. These targets are the first barrier that nanoparticles encounter when in contact with the human body.The contributors addresses a representative set of the broad spectrum of nanopharmaceuticals currently being used, including cationic lipid nanoparticles, polymeric PLGA, PLA nanoparticles, biomacromolecules-ba... nanoparticles, and other scaffolds tissue engineered skin substitutes. Regulation and risk is also covered, since the safety of these nanophamaceuticals still represents a barrier to their wide innovative use.

  • Illustrated Toxicology

    With Study Questions
    • 1st Edition
    • PK Gupta
    • English
    Illustrated Toxicology: With Study Questions is an essential, practical resource for self-study and guidance catering to a broad spectrum of students. This book covers a range of core toxicological areas, including pesticides, radioactive materials and poisonous plants, also presenting a section on veterinary toxicology. Across 16 chapters, the book presents key concepts with the aid of over 250 detailed, full-color illustrations. Each section is supplemented with practical exercises to support active learning. This combination of clear illustrations and sample testing will help readers gain a deeper understanding of toxicology. This book is useful for toxicology, pharmacy, medical and veterinary students, and also serves as a refresher for academics and professionals in the field, including clinical pharmacists, forensic toxicologists, environmentalists and veterinarians.