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  • Advances in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 4
    • L.M. Babcock + 1 more
    • English
    Gas phase ion chemistry is a broad field that has many applications and which encompasses various branches of chemistry and physics. Advances in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Volume 4, describes innovative ways of studying reactions as well as the application of unique apparatuses to problems in this field. This volume contains a series of chapters, in the general area of gas phase chemistry and physics, which are at the cutting edge of research. The chapters are not meant to be general reviews, but focus on the author's own work. They focus on both experimental and theoretical work, which gives a balance to the volume. Applications are included to appeal to a wider audience and to broaden the knowledge of the more fundamentally inclined. An application to environmental pollution monitoring and medical monitoring of breath is included. With successive volumes, the coverage broadens to include more current research in the title area. The book is aimed at graduate researchers, university faculty and graduates in industry. The editors have made a specific effort to include contributions from those relatively new to the field, which brings in new ideas and perspectives, as well as those more established workers, who bring a wealth of experience.

  • Diode Laser Materials and Devices - A Worldwide Market and Technology Overview to 2005

    • 1st Edition
    • R. Szweda
    • English
    This report examines the development of the diode laser industry over a six-year period, 2000 to 2005, incorporating analysis of trends in markets, technologies and industry structure. It is designed to provide key information to users and manufacturers of substrates, epitaxial wafers (epiwafers) and devices.The coverage includes components, laser diodes, and the semiconducting (SC) wafers and epiwafers on which most of these devices are made. The geographical coverage of the report includes North America, Japan and Europe, which together will account for over 90% of the production and consumption of diode laser materials and devices over the next five years. However, many other countries have activities in this field including South-East Asia (Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia etc), China, India, Australia and Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic) amongst others. Activities in these countries are commented on in the text where relevant, but are not quantified in the market data. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the market study.Chapter 2 contains an executive summary.Chapter 3 overviews materials markets. The size, quality, and particularly the price, of substrates and wafers are key factors in determining the ability of companies to produce competitive laser products. Chapter 3 also examines trends in materials technologies for laser diodes, the impact of the device markets on wafer demand, and the main suppliers. This chapter introduces the semiconductor materials that are presently or will likely become important to the fabrication of diode laser devices. The principal distinguishing properties of these materials are explained with reference to their application.Chapter 4 chapter examines the basic application sectors for laser diode devices as well as the basic commercial opportunities, changes and forces acting within each sector. The chapter also examines the market for the basic types of device as well as the promising newer types. For each type of device, market data and forecasts are provided and future prospects described. The application data are presented for the following industrial groups:• Automotive• Computers• Consumer• Industrial• Military and Aerospace• Telecommunications• OthersA full 5-year forecast and analysis is provided by application and region.Chapter 5 is a technology overview. In this chapter a background and overview of developments in the principal technological R&D and production processes for devices is provided. The main focus is on the most important enabling technology for the production of the present and future generations of laser diodes and related devices. This process is crystal growth and involves the following sequence:• Bulk growth of single crystals• Epitaxial growth of semiconductor single crystal layers• Ion implantation• Device fabrication, ie gate and contact formation, etc• Packaging & testChapter 6 profiles substrate suppliers, epiwafers suppliers and merchant and captive producers of GaAs devices.Chapter 7 lists universities and selected industrial labs involved in the areas of diode laser research.Chapter 8 is a directory of suppliers.Chapter 9 provides acronyms and exchange rates.

  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 12
    • E.D. Shchukin + 3 more
    • English
    This book covers major areas of modern Colloid and Surface Science (in some countries also referred to as Colloid Chemistry) which is a broad area at the intersection of Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Material Science investigating the disperse state of matter and surface phenomena in disperse systems. The book arises of and summarizes the progress made at the Colloid Chemistry Division of the Chemistry Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) over many years of scientific, pedagogical and methodological work. Throughout the book the presentation of fundamental theoretical and experimental approaches and results is combined with discussion of general scientific basis of their role in nature and applications in various technological processes.

  • Emissions Reduction: NOx/SOx Suppression

    • 1st Edition
    • A. Tomita
    • English
    Over the past decade the topic of emissions reduction and control has remained an important area of research due to the enforcement of various Government policies in an attempt to minimize the impact on the environment. One area in which a great deal of research has been conducted to address this policy is NOx/SOx suppression. However, despite the progress that has been made over this time period, further research into the most effective method of reducingNOx/SOx emissions is still urgently required. In developed countries, a more stringent requirement in the level of emissions (such as is NOx/SOx component of less than 10ppm) will be enforced in the near future. Developing countries will also need a new technology that is effective and that is suited to each countries needs. Additional research and development efforts are thus necessary to meet such requirements. This compendium contains a collection of key papers themed around NOx/SOx emissions from combustion of hydrocarbon resources and the attempts to secure an efficient and effective method for reducing these emissions. These key papers are taken from the journals Fuel, Fuel Processing Technology and Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.

  • Chromatography-A Century of Discovery 1900-2000.The Bridge to The Sciences/Technology

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 64
    • English
    Chromatography - A Century of Discovery 1900-2000 represents the combined thinking and contributions of many chromatographers. It includes several in-depth feature chapters covering the Beginnings of Chromatography, which highlights M.S. Tswett, the inventor of chromatography, and several other early pioneers. Included are the contributions of several Nobel Laureates,and 125 Chromatography Award Winners and contributors, an extensive bibliography of publications on the History of the Evolution of Chromatography; a presentation of Major International Symposia supporting chromatography and as a bridge to selected sciences. Special chapters are written by well-known Chromatographers on Support and Stationary Phases, and Separations followed by a chapter on Milestones and Paradigm Shifts in Science. New discoveries in the life sciences and medicine, agriculture, the environment and separations technology in the 21st century will rely immeasurably on the 20th century research tools in chromatography and those yet to be developed.

  • Mitigating Climate Change: Flexibility Mechanisms

    • 1st Edition
    • T. Jackson
    • English
    This compendium contains a collection of key papers from the journal Energy Policy, offering a valuable reference point on the role of flexibility mechanisms in the mitigation of climate change. Originally published between December 1999 and August 2001, all of these articles concern particular aspects of the Kyoto mechanisms or variations on the theme of flexibility that have evolved elsewhere.For better or for worse, flexibility mechanisms have become a part of the institutional architecture of energy policy in the 21st Century.As the contributions to this compendium illustrate, this fact has both positive and negative connotations. Flexibility mechanisms have the potential to unleash exciting market-led emission reduction initiatives, and to promote both technological and institutional innovation. At the same time, the complexity of establishing credible and robust arrangements, in which practicality and viability are balanced with appropriate safeguards against loopholes and gaming, should not be underestimated. In the longer term, the flexibility mechanisms may turn out to be unhealthy distractions from the much more important task of restructuring domestic energy systems. Or they might just turn out to be indispensable instruments for achieving the deep cuts in emissions that climate change demands. One thing, however, is abundantly clear: climate policy has guaranteed that energy policy will never be the same again.

  • Studies in Natural Products Chemistry

    Bioactive Natural Products (Part F)
    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 25
    • Atta-ur Rahman
    • English
    Natural products play an integral and ongoing role in promoting numerous aspects of scientific advancement, and many aspects of basic research programs are intimately related to natural products. The significance, therefore, of the Studies in Natural Product Chemistry series, edited by Professor Atta-ur-Rahman, cannot be overestimated. This volume, in accordance with previous volumes, presents us with cutting-edge contributions of great importance.

  • Organic Synthesis: Theory and Applications

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 5
    • T. Hudlicky
    • English
    Volume 5 in this series spans a variety of topics including terpene synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and combinatorial methods for generation of structural diversity. The first chapter has been contributed by Trond Hansen and Professor Yngve Strenstrøm of the Agricultural University of Norway, and surveys naturally occurring cyclobutanes. As well as providing a review of representative syntheses and synthetic strategies for the introduction of cyclobutane into target molecules, the number of rings contained in the natural product is also discussed in logical order.The following chapter, written by Professor Timothy Brocksom, his wife Ursula, and a number of co-workers from the Federal University of São Carlos, surveys the synthesis of higher terpenes by the use of Diels-Alder reaction. A useful review of the current literature in this field is provided, together with 79 references and footnotes.The third chapter, written by Michael G. Natchus and Xinrong Tian of Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, covers recent advances in the synthesis of unnatural amino acids. Three of the major asymmetric methods are discussed and grouped according to the chemistry involved.The fourth and final chapter has been contributed by Professor Dennis Wright of the University of Florida, and other co-workers. A review of the combinatorial chemistry methods currently available for lead discovery in pharmaceutical research is provided in this chapter, as well as discussions on the methods based on natural products and an overview of the complexity building techniques.

  • Fine Chemicals Manufacture

    Technology and Engineering
    • 1st Edition
    • A. Cybulski + 3 more
    • English
    The sector of fine chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes and pigments, fragrances and flavours, intermediates, and performance chemicals is growing fast. For obvious reasons chemistry is a key to the success in developing new processes for fine chemicals. However, as a rule, chemists formulate results of their work as recipes, which usually lack important information for process development. Fine Chemicals Manufacture, Technology and Engineering is intended to show what is needed to make the recipe more useful for process development purposes and to transform the recipe into an industrial process that will be safe, environmentally friendly, and profitable.The goal of this book is to form a bridge between chemists and specialists of all other branches involved in the scale-up of new processes or modification of existing processes with both a minimum effort and risk and maximum profit when commercializing the process. New techniques for scale-up and optimization of existing processes and improvements in the utilization of process equipment that have been developed in recent years are presented in the book.

  • Paradoxes in Geology

    • 1st Edition
    • U. Briegel + 1 more
    • English
    An interesting volume presenting the papers collected for the Festschrift "Paradoxes in Modern Geology" in honor of Professor Ken Jinghwa Hsu on the occasion of his 70th birthday.Paradox, as defined in a dictionary, is a statement contrary to accepted opinion. That a broad discussion of paradoxes is fruitful for the advancement of science in general, and geosciences in particular, has been amply demonstrated by Professor Hsu throughout his distinguished career. Not only has he propelled the geoscience community forward with his controversial statements, a number of his former students, who are currently in key positions at universities and in industry, are influencing in a similar open minded way the present day thinking. The wide scope this reasoning encompasses is demonstrated by the contributions to this book, delineating paradoxes and problems in the fields of tectonics, basic and applied geosciences, petrology, paleoceanography, paleoclimatology and paleogeography, kinematics and modelling.

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