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  • Advances in Antiviral Drug Design

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 3
    • E. De Clercq
    • English
    Volume 3 of Advances in Antiviral Drug Design is keeping up with the recent progress made in the field of antiviral drug research and highlights five specific directions that have opened new avenues for the treatment of virus infections. First, the use of lamivudine (3TC) for the treatment of HIV infections, and its more recent introduction for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, has heralded the transition of D- to L-nucleosides in the antiviral nucleoside drug design, and it is likely that the future will provide more nucleosides of the L-configuration, such as (-)FFC (emtricitabine) and L-FMAU, as will be described by J.-C.G. Graciet and R.F. Shinazi. Second, the acyclic purine nucleoside phosphonates, i.e. PMEA (adefovir and PMPA (tenofovir), offer great potential as both anti-HIV and anti-HBV agents, and both compounds have been the subject of advanced clinical trials in their oral produrg form (adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxyl), as mentioned by M.N. Arimilli, J.P. Dougherty, K.C. Cundy, and N. Bischofberger.Third, with the advent of nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz, the NNRTIs have definitely come of age. Emivirine (MKC-442), a derivative of the original HEPT analog that was described in 1989 has now proceeded through pivotal clinical studies, and how this class of compounds evolved is presented in the account of H. Tanaka and his colleagues. Fourth, at the end of 1999, anticipating on the next winter influenza offensive, we should have at end two compounds that specifically inhibit influenza A and B virus infections: zanamivir (by the intranasal route) and oseltamivir (by the oral route). Both compounds have proved effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B virus infections and act through the same mechanism; that is by blocking the viral neuraminidase (or sialidase), a key enzyme that allows the virus to spread from one cell to another (within the respiratory mucosal tract). The design of these sialidase inhibitors will be presented by M. von Itzstein and J.C. Dyason.Fifth, the discovery (in 1996) of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 as essential coreceptors (in addition to the CD4 receptor) for HIV entry into the cells, has boosted an enormous interest in potential antagonists of these receptors. The bicyclams represent the first low-molecular-weight compounds targeted at CXCR4, the coreceptor used by the more pathogenic, T-lymphotropic, HIV strains, to enter the cells. They will be addressed by G.J. Bridger and R.T. Skerlj.The five topics covered in this third volume of Advances in Antiviral Drug Design are in the front line of the present endeavors towards the chemotherapy of virus infections. They pertain to the combat against three of the most important virus infections of current times: HIV, HBV, and influenza virus.

  • Marine Bioprocess Engineering

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 35
    • J.G. Burgess + 2 more
    • J. Tramper
    • English
    This book contains full papers of both oral and poster presentations of the international symposium 'Marine Bioprocess Engineering' which was held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 1998. The symposium focused on the bioprocessing of marine natural products.Bioprocess engineering has been the key to success in the commercialization of biotechnology, especially with respect to biopharmaceuticals. In marine biotechnology, both new and existing biotechnological techniques are developed an applied to organisms from marine sources. For marine biotechnology, bioprocess engineering represents the link between discovery and commercialization.Th... diversity of marine life points to a myriad of new bioproducts waiting to be discovered and developed commercially.The volume begins to bridge the gap between the isolation of products from marine organisms in the laboratory and industrial applications by focusing on the bioprocess-engineeri... aspects. Reviews and recent developments in product discovery, bio-energy production, cultivation of marine organisms, scale up and product recovery are presented.This publication should ensure that the engineering aspects of marine biotechnology will receive further attention in the future. Exploration of new bioproducts from the ocean should be followed up by a sustainable exploitation of these valuable resources.

  • Engineering Data on Mixing

    • 1st Edition
    • Reiji Reiji Mezaki + 2 more
    • English
    This book is a compilation of the engineering data on mixing, which have appeared in the major technical journals of chemical engineering and bioengineering since 1975. That year marked the beginning of a period of rapid advancement in the science and technology of mixing, with rather reliable results for both theoretical and experimental studies. In addition, some important earlier articles which have been, and still are being referred to, are included.Designs of both agitators and tanks still depend primarily on art and experience. In light of this it was felt that the data on mixing should be compiled and presented in a systematic manner to assist in design and analysis of agitated tanks, and to provide easier access to mixing data for various engineering activities. Although computer-aided searches of pertinent data bases can be of assistance to chemical engineers and bioengineers in their studies, they are sometimes time-consuming and often costly. Furthermore inadequate selection of key words can jeopardize the searches. This book offers an alternative method of surveying mixing data which interests readers. The first chapter presents a variety of results for the experimental measurements of flow patterns in stirred tanks. Most of the measurements were made by using modern Laser-Doppler techniques. This chapter is useful for the prediction of flow patterns in tanks with many different geometries, various types of agitators, and fluids of diverse physical and rheological properties, plus valuable data for the validation of results obtained by CFD simulations. Chapters 2 through 5 deal with data for traditional chemical engineering subjects and Chapter 6 summarizes a number of scale-up relations developed over the years for various systems. These include liquid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and solid-liquid-gas systems. Chapter 7 provides data related to multiphase processes, and most importantly, drop size and drop-size distributions and bubble-size distributions. These two subjects have not been treated systematically either in text books or in handbooks on stirred-tank mixing, although the results of both experimental and theoretical investigations have been reported on many occasions. Finally gas-inducing mechanically agitated systems are dealt with. The applications of this type of agitation system will become increasingly attractive from the standpoint of rationalization of stirred-tank operations as well as environmental protection.

  • Synthetic Peptides as Antigens

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 28
    • S. Muller + 1 more
    • English
    This newest edition to the Laboratory Techniques Series gives current state of the art use of synthetic peptides in molecular biology and practical protocols on how to conjugate peptides, immunize animals with peptides and monitor immune responses to peptides in vitro. It gives background information on antigenic specificity, prediction of antigenic sites in proteins and applications of peptides in immunology and virology, as probes in diagnosis and as vaccines. The book also describes antigenicity of proteins and methods to localize antigenic sites as well as methods for predicting epitoxes, and gives detailed protocols for peptide-carrier conjugation, immunization with peptides, and peptide immunoassays. The volume also describes typical use of antipeptide antibodies in molecular and cellular biology as well as the use of peptides in the diagnosis of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, and the use of peptides as potential synthetic vaccines. An excellent edition to an excellent series, available in hardbound and paperback.

  • Side Effects of Drugs Annual

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 22
    • English
    Based on the results of an extensive literature search, an international team of authors have collected the latest information on adverse drug effects from the world literature. New adverse effects are reported and evaluated and previously reported adverse effects are re-evaluated in the light of the most recent information. The book provides the reader with a critical and up-to-date overview of the most recent developments in the field. Selected adverse effects are discussed in the special reviews. Two separate indexes enhance the book and allow the author to enter the text by drug name or by adverse effect. The Annual can be used independently or as a supplement to the standard Encyclopedic work in this field, Meyler's Side effects of Drugs, of which, thehttp://www.elsevi... Fourteenth Edition was published in December 2000.

  • Cognitive Contributions to the Perception of Spatial and Temporal Events

    • 1st Edition
    • Volume 129
    • G. Aschersleben + 2 more
    • English
    The book is concerned with the cognitive contributions to perception, that is, with the influence of attention, intention, or motor processes on performances in spatial and temporal tasks. The chapters deal with fundamental perceptual processes resulting from the simple localization of an object in space or from the temporal determination of an event within a series of events.Chapters are based on presentations given at the Symposium on the Cognitive Contributions to the Perception of Spatial and Temporal Events (September 7–9, 1998, Ohlstadt, Germany). Following each chapter are commentary pieces from other researchers in the field. At the meeting, contributors were encouraged to discuss their theoretical positions along with presenting empirical results and the book's commentary sections help to preserve the spirit and controversies of the symposium.The general topic of the book is split into three parts. Two sections are devoted to the perception of unimodal spatial and temporal events; and are accompanied by a third part on spatio-temporal processes in the domain of intermodal integration.The themes of the book are highly topical. There is a growing interest in studies both with healthy persons and with patients that focus on localization errors and dissociations in localizations resulting from different tasks. These errors lead to new concepts of how visual space is represented. Such deviations are not only observed in the spatial domain but in the temporal domain as well. Typical examples are errors in duration judgments or synchronization errors in tapping tasks. In addition, several studies indicate the influence of attention on both the timing and on the localization of dynamic events. Another intriguing question originates from well-known interactions between intermodal events, namely, whether these events are based on a single representation or whether different representations interact.

  • Sustainable Urban Growth in Peripheral Areas

    • 1st Edition
    • Boris G Portnov
    • English

  • Composites - A Profile of the World-wide Reinforced Plastics Industry, Markets and Suppliers to 2005

    • 3rd Edition
    • T. Starr
    • English
    Following the success of the second (1995) edition, this report takes a fresh perspective on the industry, reviewing changes and developments in industry structure, corporate strategies, market condition, technology and application trends. This profile is fully revised with market data with new forecasts to the year 2005. New and emerging technologies and applications are examined. For a PDF version of the report please call Tina Enright on +44 (0) 1865 843008 for price details.

  • Advances in Damage Mechanics: Metals and Metal Matrix Composites

    • 1st Edition
    • George Z. Voyiadjis
    • English
    This book provides in a single and unified volume a clear and thorough presentation of the recent advances in continuum damage mechanics for metals and metal matrix composites. Emphasis is placed on the theoretical formulation of the different constitutive models in this area, but sections are added to demonstrate the applications of the theory. In addition, some sections contain new material that has not appeared before in the literature. The book is divided into three major parts: Part I deals with the scalar formulation and is limited to the analysis of isotropic damage in materials; Parts II and III deal with the tensor formulation and is applied to general states of deformation and damage. The material appearing in this text is limited to plastic deformation and damage in ductile materials (e.g. metals and metal matrix composites) but excludes many of the recent advances made in creep, brittle fracture, and temperature effects since the authors feel that these topics require a separate volume for this presentation. Furthermore, the applications presented in this book are the simplest possible ones and are mainly based on the uniaxial tension test.

  • Perspectives in Organopalladium Chemistry for the 21st Century

    • 1st Edition
    • J. Tsuji
    • English
    Perspectives in Organopalladium Chemistry for the 21st Century is a monograph on modern organopalladium chemistry, with an emphasis on the use of palladium in organic synthesis. The collection of articles is reprinted from a special issue of the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry.The field of organopalladium chemistry is evolving rapidly, building on a growing catalogue of reactions that employ palladium-containing catalysts. This book should hold particular interest for those who apply palladium reagents and catalysts to organic synthesis; in fact, palladium is considered by many to be the most useful transition element employed for organic syntheses. This selection of articles by leading scientists, published as "Perspectives in Organopalladium Chemistry for the 21st Century", provides an impressive overview of the field that every chemist who works with organometallic palladium catalysts should read.

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