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Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformation in the Earth's Interior

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 76
  • October 11, 2000
  • Renata Dmowska + 3 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 3 0 6 5 - 9
A group of distinguished scientists contributes to the foundations of a new discipline in Earth sciences: earthquake thermodynamics and thermodynamics of formation of the Earth's interior structures. The predictive powers of thermodynamics are so great that those aspiring to model earthquake and the Earth's interior will certainly wish to be able to use the theory. Thermodynamics is our only method of understanding and predicting the behavior of many environmental, atmospheric, and geological processes. The need for Earth scientists to develop a functional knowledge of thermodynamic concepts and methodology is therefore urgent. Sources of an entropy increase the dissipative and self-organizing systems driving the evolution and dynamics of the Universe and Earth through irreversible processes. The non-linear interactions lead to the formation of fractal structures. From the structural phase transformations the important interior boundaries emerge.Non-linear interactions between the defects in solids lead the authors to develop the physics of continua with a dense distribution of defects. Disclinations and dislocations interact during a slow evolution as well as during rapid dynamic events, like earthquakes. Splitting the dynamic processes into the 2D fault done and 3D surrounding space brings a new tool for describing the slip nucleation and propagation along the earthquake faults. Seismic efficiency, rupture velocity, and complexity of seismic source zone are considered from different points of view, fracture band earthquake model is developed on the basis of thermodynamics of line defects, like dislocations. Earthquake thermodynamics offers us a microscopic model of earthquake sources.Physics of defects helps the authors decscribe and explain a number of precursory phenomena caused by the buildup of stresses. Anomalies in electric polarization and electromagnetic radiation prior to earthquakes are considered from this point of view. Through the thermodynamic approach, the authors arrive at the fascinating question of posssibility of earthquake prediction. In general, the Earth is considered here as a multicomponent system. Transport phenomena as well as wave propagation and shock waves are considered in this system subjected also to chemical and phase transformations.

Petroleum Geology

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 16
  • April 1, 2000
  • R.E. Chapman
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 8 6 8 7 1 - 4

Paleomagnetism

  • 2nd Edition
  • Volume 73
  • October 8, 1999
  • Michael W. McElhinny + 1 more
  • Renata Dmowska + 2 more
  • English
  • Hardback
    9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 8 3 3 5 5 - 5
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 1 3 4 6 - 1
Paleomagnetism is the study of the fossil magnetism in rocks. It has been paramount in determining that the continents have drifted over the surface of the Earth throughout geological time. The fossil magnetism preserved in the ocean floor has demonstrated how continental drift takes place through the process of sea-floor spreading. The methods and techniques used in paleomagnetic studies of continental rocks and of the ocean floor are described and then applied to determining horizontal movements of the Earth's crust over geological time. An up-to-date review of global paleomagnetic data enables 1000 million years of Earth history to be summarized in terms of the drift of the major crustal blocks over the surface of the Earth. The first edition of McElhinny's book was heralded as a "classic and definitive text." It thoroughly discussed the theory of geomagnetism, the geologic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, and the shifting of magnetic poles. In the 25 years since the highly successful first edition of Palaeomagnetism and Plate Tectonics (Cambridge, 1973) the many advances in the concepts, methodology, and insights into paleomagnetism warrant this new treatment. This completely updated and revised edition of Paleomagnetism: Continents and Oceans will be a welcome resource for a broad audience of earth scientists as well as laypeople curious about magnetism, paleogeography, geology, and plate tectonics. Because the book is intended for a wide audience of geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers, it balances the mathematical and descriptive aspects of each topic.

Composition, Deep Structure and Evolution of Continents

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 24
  • October 1, 1999
  • R.D. van der Hilst + 1 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 2 9 4 5 - 5
The ensemble of manuscripts presented in this special volume captures the stimulating cross-disciplinary dialogue from the International Symposium on Deep Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Continents, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 15-17 October 1997. It will provide an update on recent research developments and serve as a starting point for research of the many outstanding issues.After its formation at mid-oceanic spreading centers, oceanic lithosphere cools, thickens, and subsides, until it subducts into the deep mantle beneath convergent margins. As a result of this continuous recycling process oceanic lithosphere is typically less than 200 million years old (the global average is about 80 Myr). A comprehensive, multi-disciplinary study of continents involves a wide range of length scales: tiny rock samples and diamond inclusions may yield isotope and trace element signatures diagnostic for the formation age and evolution of (parts of) cratons, while geophysical techniques (e.g., seismic and electromagnetic imaging) constrain variations of elastic and conductive properties over length scales ranging from several to many thousand kilometers. Integrating and reconciling this information is far from trivial and, as several papers in this volume document, the relationships between, for instance, formation age and tectonic behavior on the one hand and the seismic signature, heat flow, and petrology on the other may not be uniform but may vary both within as well as between cratons. These observations complicate attempts to determine the variations of one particular observable (e.g., heat flow, lithosphere thickness) as a function of another (e.g., crustal age) on the basis of global data compilations and tectonic regionalizations.Important conclusions of the work presented here are that (1) continental deformation, for instance shortening, is not restricted to the crust but also involves the lithospheric mantle; (2) the high wavespeed part of continental lithospheric mantle is probably thinner than inferred previously from vertically travelling body waves or form global surface-wave models; and (3) the seismic signature of ancient continents is more complex than expected from a uniform relationship with crustal age.

Advances in Geophysics

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 41
  • July 2, 1999
  • Renata Dmowska + 1 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 4 6 4 0 - 7
This series provides a venue for longer reviews of current advances in geophysics. Written at a level accessible to graduate students, the articles serve to broaden knowledge of various fields and may be useful in courses and seminars.

Advances in Geophysics

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 42
  • June 18, 1999
  • Renata Dmowska
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 8 8 0 1 2 - 9
This series provides a venue for longer reviews of current advances in geophysics. Written at a level accessible to graduate students, the articles serve to broaden knowledge of various fields and may be useful in courses and seminars.

Applied Geothermics for Petroleum Engineers

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 48
  • May 24, 1999
  • I.M. Kutasov
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 2 7 3 2 - 1
The purpose of Applied Geothermics for Petroleum Engineers is to present in a clear and concise form methods of utilizing the data of temperature surveys in deep boreholes as well as the results of field, laboratory and analytical investigations in geothermics to a wide audience. Although some aspects of the subject of this book have been discussed in several previous books and numerous papers, Applied Geothermics for Petroleum Engineers is the first book on this topic available to the petroleum engineering community.The objective of the book is to present the state of knowledge and prediction of downhole and formations temperatures during well drilling, well completion, shut-in and production.Applied Geothermics for Petroleum Engineers is intended for drilling engineers (impact of elevated temperatures on well drilling and completion technology, Arctic drilling), production engineers (temperature regime of production, injection and geothermal walls, Arctic production), reservoir engineers (temperature field of reservoirs, thermal properties of formations and formation fluids), well logging engineers (interpretation of electrical resistance, mud density, and temperature logs), and geophysicists and geologists (interpretation of geophysical data, calculation of the terrestrial heat flow, reconstruction of past climates).

Analysis of Geophysical Potential Fields

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 5
  • June 19, 1998
  • P.S. Naidu + 1 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 2 7 1 2 - 3
When some useful information is hidden behind a mass of unwanted information we often resort to information processing used in its broad sense or specifically to signal processing when the useful information is a waveform. In geophysical surveys, in particular in aeromagnetic and gravity surveys, from the measured field it is often difficult to say much about any one specific target unless it is close to the surface and well isolated from the rest. The digital signal processing approach would enable us to bring out the underlying model of the source, that is, the geological structure. Some of the tools of dsp such as digital filtering, spectrum estimation, inversion, etc., have found extensive applications in aeromagnetic and gravity map analysis. There are other emerging applications of dsp in the area of inverse filtering, three dimensional visualization, etc.The purpose of this book is to bring numerous tools of dsp to the geophysical community, in particular, to those who are entering the geophysical profession. Also the practicing geophysicists, involved in the aeromagnetic and gravity data analysis, using the commercially available software packages, will find this book useful in answering their questions on "why and how?". It is hoped that such a background would enable the practising geophysicists to appreciate the prospects and limitations of the dsp in extracting useful information from the potential field maps. The topics covered are: potential field signals and models, digital filtering in two dimensions, spectrum estimation and application, parameter estimation with error bounds.

Earthquake Proof Design and Active Faults

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 81
  • April 2, 1997
  • Y. Kanaori
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 3 0 6 6 - 6
On 17th January 1995 an inland earthquake of 7.2 magnitude occurred under Kobe city in central Japan. More than 5,500 people lost their lives. There was immense and serious damage to buildings. Researchers and engineers were shocked and astonished by the extent of the devastation and loss of life. Ground motions, generated by the event were far greater than the seismic standard for earthquake-proof designs in Japan.Recent academic progress in the fields of geology and geophysics, which would help to reduce the severity of seismic disasters, has not been sufficiently applied to the development of earthquake-proof designs.This book contains 13 original and innovative papersof interdisciplinary study spanning earthquake-proof technology and active fault science (seven of the papers cover topics concerning the 1995 Kobe earthquake).

Magnetic Stratigraphy

  • 1st Edition
  • Volume 64
  • October 21, 1996
  • Meil D. Opdyke + 1 more
  • English
  • eBook
    9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 3 5 7 2 - 2
Magnetic Stratigraphy is the most comprehensive book written in the English language on the subject of magnetic polarity stratigraphy and time scales. This volume presents the entirety of the known geomagneticrecord, which now extends back about 300 million years. The book includes the results of current research on sea floor spreading, magnetic stratigraphy of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, and postulations on the Paleozoic. Also included are both historicalbackground and applications of magnetostratigraphy. Individual chapters on correlation are presented, using changes in magnetic properties and secular variation.

Related subjects

Applied geophysics

Crustal and mantle geophysics

Geomagnetism

Geothermics

Gravity geodesy

Seismic exploration

Seismology

Tectonophysics