Chapter 1. Historical Background, Legal Influences, Management Responsibility, and Safety Culture
- Abstract
- 1.1 Historical Background
- 1.2 Legal Influences
- 1.3 Hazards and Their Prevention
- 1.4 Systems Approach
- 1.5 Fire Protection Engineering Role/Design Team
- 1.6 Senior Management's Responsibility and Accountability
- 1.7 Operational Excellence
- Further Reading
Chapter 2. Overview of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Facilities
- Abstract
- 2.1 Exploration
- 2.2 Production
- 2.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
- 2.4 Secondary Recovery
- 2.5 Tertiary Recovery
- 2.6 Transportation
- 2.7 Refining
- 2.8 Typical Refinery Process Flow
- 2.9 Marketing
- 2.10 Chemical Processes
- Further Reading
Chapter 3. Philosophy of Protection Principles
- Abstract
- 3.1 Legal Obligations
- 3.2 Insurance Recommendations
- 3.3 Company and Industry Standards
- 3.4 Worst Case Condition
- 3.5 Independent Layers of Protection (ILP)
- 3.6 Design Principles
- 3.7 Accountability and Auditability
- Further Reading
Chapter 4. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons and Petrochemicals
- Abstract
- 4.1 General Description of Hydrocarbons
- 4.2 Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
- 4.3 Flash Point (FP)
- 4.4 Autoignition Temperature (AIT)
- 4.5 Vapor Density Ratio
- 4.6 Vapor Pressure
- 4.7 Specific Gravity
- 4.8 Flammable
- 4.9 Combustible
- 4.10 Heat of Combustion
- Further Reading
Chapter 5. Characteristics of Hazardous Material Releases, Fires, and Explosions
- Abstract
- 5.1 Hazardous Material Releases
- 5.2 Gaseous Releases
- 5.3 Nature and Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion
- 5.4 Methods of Flame Extinguishment
- 5.5 Incident Scenario Development
- 5.6 Terminology of Hydrocarbon Explosions and Fires
- Further Reading
Chapter 6. Historical Survey of Major Fires and Explosions in the Process Industries
- Abstract
- 6.1 Lack of Process Industry Incident Database and Analysis
- 6.2 Insurance Industry Perspective
- 6.3 Process Industry Perspective
- 6.4 Major Incidents Affecting Process Industry Safety Management
- 6.5 Relevancy of Incident Data
- 6.6 Incident Data
- 6.7 Summary
- Further Reading
Chapter 7. Risk Analysis
- Abstract
- 7.1 Risk Identification and Evaluation
- 7.2 Qualitative Reviews
- 7.3 Quantitative Reviews
- 7.4 Specialized Supplemental Studies
- 7.5 Risk Acceptance Criteria
- 7.6 Relevant and Accurate Data Resources
- 7.7 Insurance Risk Evaluations
- Further Reading
Chapter 8. Segregation, Separation, and Arrangement
- Abstract
- 8.1 Segregation
- 8.2 Separation
- 8.3 Manned Facilities and Locations
- 8.4 Process Units
- 8.5 Storage Facilities—Tanks
- 8.6 Flares and Burn Pits
- 8.7 Critical Utilities and Support Systems
- 8.8 Arrangement
- 8.9 Plant Roads—Truck Routes, Crane Access, and Emergency Response
- Further Reading
Chapter 9. Grading, Containment, and Drainage Systems
- Abstract
- 9.1 Drainage Systems
- 9.2 Process and Area Drainage
- 9.3 Surface Drainage
- 9.4 Open Channels and Trenches
- 9.5 Spill Containment
- Further Reading
Chapter 10. Process Controls
- Abstract
- 10.1 Human Observation
- 10.2 Electronic Process Control
- 10.3 Instrumentation, Automation, and Alarm Management
- 10.4 System Reliability
- 10.5 High Integrity Protective Systems (HIPS)
- 10.6 Transfer and Storage Controls
- 10.7 Burner Management Systems (BMS)
- Further Reading
Chapter 11. Emergency Shutdown
- Abstract
- 11.1 Definition and Objective
- 11.2 Design Philosophy
- 11.3 Activation Mechanisms
- 11.4 Levels of Shutdown
- 11.5 Reliability and Fail Safe Logic
- 11.6 ESD/DCS Interfaces
- 11.7 Activation Points
- 11.8 Activation Hardware Features
- 11.9 Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESDVs)
- 11.10 Emergency Isolation Valves (EIVs)
- 11.11 Subsea Isolation Valves (SSIVs)
- 11.12 Protection Requirements
- 11.13 System Interactions
- Further Reading
Chapter 12. Depressurization, Blowdown, and Venting
- Abstract
- 12.1 Objective of Emergency Process Inventory Isolation and Removal Systems
- 12.2 Separator (Horizontal)
- 12.3 Crude Stabilizer Column
- 12.4 Blowdown
- 12.5 Venting
- 12.6 Flares and Burn Pits
- Further Reading
Chapter 13. Overpressure and Thermal Relief
- Abstract
- 13.1 Causes of Overpressure
- 13.2 Pressure Relief Valves
- 13.3 Thermal Relief
- 13.4 Solar Heat
- 13.5 Pressure Relief Device Locations
- Further Reading
Chapter 14. Control of Ignition Sources
- Abstract
- 14.1 Open Flames, Hot Work, Cutting, and Welding
- 14.2 Electrical Arrangements
- 14.3 Electrical Area Classification
- 14.4 Electrical Area Classification
- 14.5 Surface Temperature Limits
- 14.6 Classified Locations and Release Sources
- 14.7 Protection Measures
- 14.8 Static Electricity
- 14.9 Special Static Ignition Concerns
- 14.10 Lightning
- 14.11 Stray Currents
- 14.12 Internal Combustion Engines
- 14.13 Hot Surface Ignition
- 14.14 Pyrophoric Materials
- 14.15 Spark Arrestors
- 14.16 Hand Tools
- 14.17 Mobile Telephones, Laptops, and Portable Electronic Field Devices
- Further Reading
Chapter 15. Elimination of Process Releases
- Abstract
- 15.1 Inventory Reduction
- 15.2 Vents and Relief Valves
- 15.3 Sample Points
- 15.4 Drainage Systems
- 15.5 Storage Facilities
- 15.6 Pump Seals
- 15.7 Vibration Stress Failure of Piping
- 15.8 Rotating Equipment
- Further Reading
Chapter 16. Fire and Explosion Resistant Systems
- Abstract
- 16.1 Explosions
- 16.2 Definition of Explosion Potentials
- 16.3 Explosion Protection Design Arrangements
- 16.4 Vapor Dispersion Enhancements
- 16.4.5 Damage Limiting Construction
- 16.5 Fireproofing
- 16.6 Locations Requiring Consideration of Fire Resistant Measures
- 16.7 Flame Resistance
- Further Reading
Chapter 17. Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems
- Abstract
- 17.1 Fire and Smoke Detection Methods
- 17.2 Gas Detectors
- 17.3 Calibration
- Further Reading
Chapter 18. Evacuation Alerting and Arrangements
- Abstract
- 18.1 Emergency Response Plan
- 18.2 Alarms and Notification
- 18.3 Evacuation Routes
- 18.4 Emergency Doors, Stairs, Exits, and Escape Hatches
- 18.5 Shelter-in-Place (SIP)
- 18.6 Offshore Evacuation
- Further Reading
Chapter 19. Methods of Fire Suppression
- Abstract
- 19.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers
- 19.2 Water Suppression Systems
- 19.3 Water Supplies
- 19.4 Fire Pumps
- 19.5 Firewater Distribution Systems
- 19.6 Firewater Control and Isolation Valves
- 19.7 Sprinkler Systems
- 19.8 Water Deluge Systems
- 19.9 Water Spray Systems
- 19.10 Water Flooding
- 19.11 Steam Smothering
- 19.12 Water Curtains
- 19.13 Blow-Out Water Injection Systems
- 19.14 Monitors, Hydrants, and Hose Reels
- 19.15 Foam Suppression Systems
- 19.16 Manual Fire Fighting Utilization
- 19.17 Gaseous Systems
- 19.18 Clean Agent Systems
- 19.19 Chemical Systems
- 19.20 Dual Agent Systems
- Further reading
Chapter 20. Special Locations, Facilities, and Equipment
- Abstract
- 20.1 Arctic Environments
- 20.2 Desert Arid Environments
- 20.3 Tropical Environments
- 20.4 Earthquake Zones
- 20.5 Wellheads—Exploration (Onshore and Offshore)
- 20.6 Pipelines
- 20.7 Storage Tanks
- 20.8 Loading Facilities
- 20.9 Offshore Facilities
- 20.10 Electrical Equipment and Communications Rooms
- 20.11 Oil-Filled Transformers
- 20.12 Battery Rooms
- 20.13 Enclosed Turbines or Gas Compressor Packages
- 20.14 Emergency Generators
- 20.15 Heat Transfer Systems
- 20.16 Cooling Towers
- 20.17 Testing Laboratories (Including Oil or Water Testing, Darkrooms, etc.)
- 20.18 Warehouses
- 20.19 Cafeterias and Kitchens
- Further Reading
Chapter 21. Human Factors and Ergonomic Considerations
- Abstract
- 21.1 Human Attitude
- 21.2 Control Room Consoles
- 21.3 Field Devices
- 21.4 Instructions, Markings, and Identification
- 21.5 Colors and Identification
- Further Reading
Appendix A. Testing Firewater Systems
Appendix A-1. Testing of Firewater Pumping Systems
- A-1.1 Basic Procedure
- A-1.2 Supplemental Checks
- A-1.3 Correction Factors for Observed Test RPM to Rated RPM of Driver
Appendix A-2. Testing of Firewater Distribution Systems
- A-2.1 General Considerations
- A-2.2 Firewater Distribution System
- A-2.3 Preparing Test Results
Appendix A-3. Testing of Sprinkler and Deluge Systems
- A-3.1 Wet and Dry Pipe Sprinklers
- A-3.2 Deluge Systems
Appendix A-4. Testing of Foam Fire Suppression Systems
Appendix A-5. Testing of Firewater Hose Reels and Monitors
- A-5.1 General Requirements
- A-5.2 Hose Reels
- A-5.3 Monitors
Appendix A-6. Fire Protection Hydrostatic Testing Requirements
Appendix B. Reference Data
Appendix B-1. Fire Resistance Testing Standards
Appendix B-2. Explosion and Fire Resistance Ratings
- B-2.1 Fire Resistance Ratings
- B-2.1.1 A Barriers
- B-2.1.2 B Barriers
- B-2.1.3 C Barriers
- B-2.1.4 H Barriers
- B-2.1.5 IMO Levels (for Piping Systems, Shipping)
- B-2.1.6 J Ratings
- B-2.1.7 Heat Flux
- B-2.1.8 Fire Doors
- B-2.1.9 Fire Windows
- B-2.1.10 Explosion Resistance
Appendix B-3. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Classifications
- B-3.1 Type 1—General Purpose
- B-3.2 Type 1A—Semi-Dust Tight
- B-3.3 Type 1B—Flush Type
- B-3.4 Type 2—Drip Proof Indoors
- B-3.5 Type 3—Dust Tight, Rain Tight, and Sleet (Ice) Resistant Outdoor
- B-3.6 Type 3R—Rain Proof, Sleet (Ice) Resistant, Outdoor
- B-3.7 Type 3S—Dust Tight, Rain Tight, and Sleet (Ice) Proof—Outdoor
- B-3.8 Type 3X—Dust Tight, Rain Tight, and Sleet (Ice) Proof—Outdoor, Corrosion Resistant
- B-3.9 Type 3RX—Rain Tight, and Sleet (Ice) Proof—Outdoor, Corrosion Resistant
- B-3.10 Type 3SX—Dust Tight, Rain Tight, Ice Resistant, Corrosion Resistant
- B-3.11 Type 4—Water Tight and Dust Tight
- B-3.12 Type 4X—Water Tight, Dust Tight, and Corrosion Resistant
- B-3.13 Type 5—Dust Tight Water Tight
- B-3.14 Type 6—Submersible
- B-3.15 Type 6P—Prolonged Submersible
- B-3.16 Type 7—(A, B, C, or D) Hazardous Locations—Class I Air Break
- B-3.17 Type 8—(A, B, C, or D) Hazardous Locations—Class I Oil Immersed
- B-3.18 Type 9—(E, F, or G) Hazardous Locations—Class II
- B-3.19 Type 10—Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Explosionproof
- B-3.20 Type 11—Corrosion-Resistant and Dripproof Oil-immersed-Indoor
- B-3.21 Type 12—Industrial Use
- B-3.22 Type 12K—Industrial Use, with Knockouts
- B-3.23 Type 13—Oil Tight and Dust Tight Indoor
Appendix B-4. Hydraulic Data
- B-4.1 Coefficient of Discharge Factors
Appendix B-5. Selected Conversion Factors
- B-5.1 Metric Prefixes, Symbols, and Multiplying Factors
- B-5.2 Temperature Conversions
- B-5.3 Selected Conversion Factors
- B-5.4 Miscellaneous Constants