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Ground Penetrating Radar
Theory and Practice
- 1st Edition - April 18, 2017
- Author: Erica Carrick Utsi
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 2 2 1 6 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 2 2 1 7 - 7
Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Practice is a practical guide to using this powerful underground surveying technique. The author uses her wide experience to explain the criti… Read more
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Request a sales quoteGround Penetrating Radar: Theory and Practice is a practical guide to using this powerful underground surveying technique. The author uses her wide experience to explain the critical factors in using GPR and how parameters, such as wavelength, attenuation and loss need to be properly considered to obtain good survey results.
The first chapter introduces the underlying physics and explains the formation of signal patterning. The next two chapters explain the significance of wavelengths for target detection, probing depths and resolution, and demonstrating the variety of signal presentation. Chapter four discusses why survey results are affected by water and air in the soil, and how this may affect depth readings.
Additional chapters discuss a variety of methods for velocity calibration and suggests where they may be useful, challenging soil conditions and potential problem environments, data processing and a suite of useful techniques, amongst other important topics.
The book gives a clear and formative guidance on understanding the critical factors in using GPR, as well as a checklist of surveying considerations.
- Covers the critical, practical factors in using a ground penetrating radar, including troubleshooting appropriate equipment selection
- Explains why wavelengths matter, providing practice calculations
- Offers insight into how to spot ringing (echo effects) and air signals, and how to distinguish these from subsurface data
- Enables the reader to understand the importance of calibration of transmission velocity and a range of methodsa
Civil, Structural, Geotechnical, and Environmental Engineers, Surveyors, those concerned with brownfield site development, those managing a wide variety of Environmental resources and Archaeologists
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of GPR Operation
- Abstract
- The “Difficulty” Underlying GPR: Visualization
- How GPR Works
- What Do the Signals Represent?
- How Hyperbolas and Lines Are Formed
- Layers and Large Objects
- Target Location
- Implications of the Beam Shape and Survey Direction
- The Double y-Axis
- Cautionary Note
- Reference
Chapter 2. Wavelengths and Why They Matter
- Abstract
- Frequency and Wavelength
- Peak Energy
- Velocity and Wavelength
- Maximum Depth of Penetration
- The Smallest Target Which Can Be Detected
- Target Spacing—How Close/How Far Apart?
- Depth Accuracy
- Fitting the Frequency to the Application
- Practical Examples of Wavelength Calculation
- Reference
Chapter 3. More Fundamentals of GPR Operation
- Abstract
- GPR Detection
- What 2D GPR Data Looks Like and Why
- Wavelength and Signal Amplitude
- Nonhyperbolic Targets
- Signal Capture at the Ground Surface
- Signal-to-Noise Ratios
- Data Presentation: Color and Gray Scale
- References
Chapter 4. The Effect of Water and Air
- Abstract
- Transmission Velocity and Misleading Depth Measurements
- The “Rule of 3”
- Wet Sites
- Where Air May Be Present
- Examples of Air Gaps
- Examples of Subsurface Water
- The Importance of Velocity Calibration
- Practice Calculations
- Answers to Calculations
- References
Chapter 5. Velocity Calibration
- Abstract
- Calibration by Curve Fitting
- Migration
- Known Layer or Layers
- Object at Known Depth
- Wide Angle Reflection and Refraction
- Transmitter With Multiple Receivers
- Other Calibration Rules
- Consistency With Site Conditions
Chapter 6. Attenuation or Loss
- Abstract
- Attenuation
- Total Attenuation
- Degrees of Attenuation
- Electrical and Magnetic Losses
- Near Surface Reflectors
- Freshwater
- Soil Analysis
- Footnote About Clay, Concrete, and Sand
- Why a Working Knowledge of GPR Limitations Matters
- References
Chapter 7. Survey Strategies
- Abstract
- Antenna Frequency
- Probing Depths
- Preset Probing Depths
- Exercise
- Sampling Along the Line of Travel of the GPR
- Transect Spacing (Sampling Across the Survey Area)
- Grids and GPS
- Antenna Position
- Setting Priorities
- Information Required Prior to Survey and Decisions to Be Taken
- The Unsuitable Soil Risk
- Answers to the Exercise
- References
Chapter 8. Data Processing
- Abstract
- Sender/Receiver Correction
- Time Zero Removal
- Background Removal
- Gain
- Bandpass Filters
- Stacking
- Migration
- Sequence Processing
- Other Useful Techniques (X-Flip, Cut and Paste)
Chapter 9. Antennas and Screening
- Abstract
- Monostatic/Bistatic Antennas
- Bowties, Horns, and Snakes
- Borehole Antennas
- Antenna Arrays
- Size Matters—The Manufacturer’s Rule of Thumb
- Radiation Patterns
- Screening
- Common Sources of External Interference
- Sensitive Sites
- Detection of Air and Other Aboveground Surface Signals
- References
Chapter 10. Three-Dimensional Data
- Abstract
- Formation of Three-Dimensional Data
- Line Placement Exercise
- Time Slices
- Contouring
- Amplitude Mapping
- Answer to Line Placement Exercise
- References
Chapter 11. Common GPR Applications
- Abstract
- Security
- Structural Engineering
- Roads and Bridge Deck
- Airport Maintenance
- Crack Detection
- Utility Detection
- Archeology
- Forensics
- Environmental and Glaciology
- Mining
- Detection of Unexploded Ordnance
- References
Chapter 12. Examples of Practical Problems
- Abstract
- Case Study 1: The Potential Gas Explosion Problem (Reinforced Concrete)
- Case Study 2: Detection to a Depth of 5 m in Reinforced Concrete
- Case Study 3: Mosaic Construction and Graves Inside a Historic Church
- Case Study 4: A Wetland Archeological Site
- Case Study 5: Carbonate Concretions in a Salt Marsh
- Case Study 6: A Delaminating Floor in a Supermarket
- Case Study 7: Detection of UXO in Redeposited Earth
- Case Study 8: Bridgedeck Construction
- References
Chapter 13. Multichannel and Single Channel Systems
- Abstract
- Single Channel Systems
- Multichannel GPRs
- Duos and Trios
- Swept Frequency Systems
- Current and Future Developments
- References
Chapter 14. Reports and Publication
- Abstract
- Report Title and Introduction
- Methodology
- Results
- Survey Failures
- Conclusions
- Professional Statement of Indemnity
- Further Information
- Acknowledgments and References
- Appendices
- Third-Party Archives
- Inappropriate Remarks in Publication
- References
Chapter 15. Regulation
- Abstract
- European Licensing of Equipment
- Operator Requirements
- GPR Operational Requirements: The Code of Practice
- GPR Operational Requirements: The Radar Log
- European Telecommunications Standards Institute
- The EuroGPR and its Role in Licensing Matters
- North American Equipment Licensing
- GPR and Safety of Transmissions
- Other Organizations
- References
Glossary of Common Technical Terms
Appendix A. Further Reading
- Ground Penetrating Radar - General
- GPR Engineering
- GPR Utility Detection
- Environmental GPR Investigations
- GPR Forensics
- GPR Archeology
- GPR Data Processing
- GPR Imaging
- Unusual GPR Technical Claims
- Journal Papers
- GPR Conference Papers
- Websites
- Scientific Publishers
Appendix B. Professional Association and Reputable Manufacturers
- Finding a Reputable Manufacturer
- Over Zealous Marketing
- EuroGPR Membership
- Unusual Technical Claims
- No. of pages: 224
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 18, 2017
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- Paperback ISBN: 9780081022160
- eBook ISBN: 9780081022177
EC
Erica Carrick Utsi
Erica Carrick Utsi is the former director of GPR manufacturer Utsi Electronics Ltd and former Chairman of the European GPR Association. She is internationally experienced in most applications of GPR, specializing in new engineering adaptations, the maintenance and conservation of historical buildings, training, forensic searches, and research. She has served on the International Scientific Committees for several biennial International Conferences on GPR, International Workshops on Advanced GPR, and the steering committees of academic research projects. Her forensic search experience includes locating WW2 mass graves in the Ukraine, generating evidence for the Irish Mother and Baby Homes Commission, missing person and security searches. Her current work at EMC Radar Consulting includes ongoing research at the royal abbeys of Westminster in London and Dunfermline (Scotland). She is also the author of a wide range of GPR papers and co-author with David Daniels of GPR case histories and known physical principles (2013, DOI: 10.1109/IWAGPR.2013.6601507).
Affiliations and expertise
Independent Consultant, EMC Radar Consulting, Haddenham, Ely, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom