Early Vascular Aging (EVA)

Early Vascular Aging (EVA): New Directions in Cardiovascular Protection brings together the last decade of research related to the characterization of EVA, as well as the predictive power of pulse wave velocity (PWV).

The book presents a novel approach to the problem of cardiovascular disease, showing it in relation to great vessels disease and revealing a comprehensive approach to the problem of increased rigidity of the great vessels, its causes, and further consequences.

Information provided is accompanied by online access to a supplemental website with video clips of anatomic specimens, cardiac imaging, and surgical procedures.

List of Contributors
Preface
- References
Chapter 1. Historical Aspects and Biology of Aging
- Evolutionary Traits, Genes, and the Environment Influencing Aging
- Changes During the Twentieth Century in Life Expectancy
- Early Life Programming Effects
- Vascular Aging in Perspective
- New Models and Interventions to Influence Aging
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 2. Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Arterial Aging
- Introduction
- Cytoskeletal and Contractile Proteins in the Aging Arterial Wall
- Cellular Matrix Structure in the Aging Arterial Wall
- Proinflammatory Molecular, Cellular, and Vascular Events in the Aging Arterial Wall
- Transcription Factors
- Anti-Inflammatory Molecule SIRT1
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 3. Aging Population: Challenges and Opportunities in a Life Course Perspective
- Aging Populations—Between Decreasing Mortality and Improved Health
- Living Longer, but with More Chronic Diseases
- From Healthcare of Older Subjects to Life Course Approach
- Strategies for Healthy Aging
- References
Chapter 4. Population-Based Studies: Milestones on the Epidemiological Timeline
- Introduction
- References
Chapter 5. Lessons from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study
- AGAHLS—The Cohort Profile
- Early Determinants of Arterial Stiffness—A Life Course Approach
- Additional Studies
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 6. Cardiovascular Aging: Perspectives from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA)
- Introduction
- Detecting Occult CV Disease in BLSA Participants
- Epidemiological Studies of Genetic and Hormonal and Metabolic Risk Factors for CAD
- Age-Associated Changes in Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and the Arterial Waveform
- Arterial Stiffness as Early Markers for Subsequent CV Events in Asymptomatic BLSA Participants
- Age-Associated Changes in Carotid Intimal–Medial Thickness
- The Vascular Aging: The Link that Bridges Age to Early Atherosclerosis (The VALIDATE Study)
- Arterial–Heart Coupling
- References
Chapter 7. Changes in Peripheral Blood Pressure with Normal and Accelerated Aging
- Introduction
- What Induces Accelerated Vascular Aging?
- Changes in Peripheral BP During Normal Aging
- Changes in Peripheral BP During Accelerated Aging
- Predictors of Diastolic Hypertension
- Predictors of ISH in Adolescents and Young Adults
- Predictors of ISH in Middle-Aged and the Elderly
- The Value of Paired BP Components in Predicting CVD Risk
- Perspectives
- References
Chapter 8. Changes in Arterial Stiffness with Normal and Accelerated Aging
- Introduction
- A Word of Caution on Study Design
- Chronological Aging of the Arteries
- Accelerated Aging of the Arteries
- Summarizing Remarks
- References
Chapter 9. Changes in Central Hemodynamics, Wave Reflection, and Heart–Vessel Coupling with Normal and Accelerated Aging
- Introduction
- The Heart and Its Interaction with the Arterial Tree
- Aging and Wave Reflections
- Central Arterial Pressure
- References
Chapter 10. Early Aging of Endothelial Function and Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions
- Introduction
- Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions in Hemostasis
- Regulation of the Adhesiveness of Platelets at the Vessel Wall
- Age-Related Changes in Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions
- Clinical Implications of Platelet–ECs Interactions and Drug Development
- References
Chapter 11. The Cross-Talk Between the Macro- and the Microcirculation
- Introduction
- Small Artery in Normal and Accelerated Aging
- Large-Artery Remodeling
- Large-/Small-Artery Cross-Talk in Normal and Accelerated Aging
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 12. Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure Variability
- Introduction
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 13. Early Vascular Aging in the Young: Influence of Birth Weight and Prematurity
- Introduction
- Development of the Vasculature During Fetal Life and Early Childhood
- Influence of Birth Weight on Blood Pressure
- Impact of Birth Weight on Vascular Structure and Function
- Influence of IUGR/SGA Phenotype on Arterial Structure and Function
- Influence of Prematurity on Arterial Structure and Function
- Influence of IUGR Versus Prematurity
- Influence of Extreme Prematurity on Vascular Structure and Function
- Effects of Increased “Catch-Up” Growth Patterns
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 14. Age-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Intima–Media Thickening
- Age-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction
- Age-Induced Intima–Media Thickening
- References
Chapter 15. Glucose Metabolism, Diabetes, and the Arterial Wall
- Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Arterial Wall Damage
- Preclinical Large Artery Changes in Diabetes Mellitus
- Preclinical Large Artery Changes in the MetS and Obesity
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 16. Chronic Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
- Age and Development of Atherosclerosis
- Inflammation and Plaque Formation According to the Response–to–Retention Theory
- Evidence for the Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
- The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines
- Regulation and Resolution of Inflammation
- Factors Increasing Vascular Aging
- Inflammation as a Therapeutic Target
- References
Chapter 17. Early and Late Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Relation to Arterial Changes
- Introduction
- Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflections
- Arterial Changes in Early and Predialysis CKD
- Arterial Changes in Patients with ESRD
- Pathogenesis of Arterial Stiffness in CKD and ESRD
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 18. Non-Hemodynamic Components of EVA: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Introduction
- Definition of PCOS
- PCOS and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease
- PCOS Phenotypes and Cardiometabolic Risk
- Subclinical Arterial Disease in Women with PCOS
- Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Women with PCOS
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 19. Impact of Arterial Aging on Early and Late Stages of Brain Damage
- Cognitive Decline and Dementia: The Emerging Role of Arterial Aging
- Structural Brain Changes and Arterial Aging
- Pathophysiological Consideration
- Therapeutic Opportunities and Research Perspectives
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 20. Telomere Biology and Vascular Aging
- Introduction
- Telomere Length and Cellular Senescence
- Telomere Structure and Function
- Measurement of Telomere Length
- Regulation of Telomere Length
- Endogenous Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Telomere Length and Vascular Aging and Disease
- LTL, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiac Disease
- Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 21. Traditional Versus New Models of Risk Prediction
- Evaluating New Risk Models
- Screening
- Traditional Risk Models
- Risk Estimation Using New Markers of Subclinical Organ Damage
- Future Research
- References
Chapter 22. Imaging Biomarkers: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Aortic Stiffness as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease
- Introduction
- Carotid Intima–Media Thickness and CV Prognosis
- Aortic Stiffness and CV Prognosis
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 23. Genetic Markers in Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular Disease—What Is the Risk?
- Familial Syndromes—Monogenic Diseases
- Complex Diseases—GWAS and the Search for Common Variants
- Missing Heritability—Limitations of GWAS
- Building on GWAS—The Future of Cardiovascular Genomics
- Lessons Learned from GWAS—Biological Mechanisms and Pathways
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 24. Vascular Aging and Cardiovascular Disease
- Changes with Age in the Arterial Tree
- Monitoring Vascular Aging and Detecting Accelerated Signs of Vascular Deterioration
- Central Hemodynamic Variables and Association to CV Risk
- Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- References
Chapter 25. Lifestyle Intervention: What Works?
- Smoking
- Diet and Nutrition
- Obesity and Weight Loss
- Mental, Emotional Status, and Work Stress
- Exercise
- Air Pollution
- Illegal Substances
- References
Chapter 26. Targeting Blood Pressure Lowering and the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Tests for Studying the Human Sympathetic Nervous System
- Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Human Hypertension
- The Link Between the Sympathetic Nervous System and Arterial Stiffening
- Pharmacological Modulation of Arterial Stiffness
- Effect of Procedural Interventions on Arterial Stiffness and Sympathetic Outflow
- Other Device-Based and Interventional Strategies for Lowering BP
- Baroreceptor Stimulation
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Carotid Body Denervation
- Device-Guided Slow Breathing
- Future Directions
- References
Chapter 27. Targeting Central Blood Pressure Through the Macro- and Microcirculation Cross-Talk
- Introduction
- Effects of Drugs on Small Artery Structure and Function in Hypertension
- Effects of Drugs on Large Artery Structure and Function in Hypertension
- Targeting Central BP Through the Macro- and Microcirculation Cross-Talk
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 28. Treatment Aspects
- Part I Treatment of Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism and EVA
- Part II Early Vascular Aging and Obesity Treatment
- Part III Treatment of Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism
Chapter 29. New Drugs Under Development for Cardiovascular Prevention
- Introduction
- New Molecules Targeting Isolated Systolic Hypertension
- New Drugs for Hypertension
- Other Possible Alternatives to Classical Drugs
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 30. Interventions to Retard Biological Aging to Be Explored
- Introduction
- Vascular Aging
- Preventable Factors Leading to EVA
- Progeria: A Model of Extreme EVA
- Skin Aging
- Bone Aging
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 31. Immunization, Vaccines, and Immunomodulation
- Introduction
- Defining the Target for Immunization and Role of Immunity in Hypertension
- Immunization
- Renin Immunization
- Angiotensin I (Ang I) Vaccine
- Ang II Vaccine
- AT1R Vaccine
- Safety of Anti-RAAS Vaccines
- References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Early Vascular Aging (EVA)

New Directions in Cardiovascular Protection

Fuel your confidence!

Michael Hecht Olsen

Peter M Nilsson

Stephane Laurent

Related books