Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery

[NOTE: THIS IS 8e TOC - 9e UPDATES TBD in PLANNING MEETING, JUNE 2025] 1. Historical Overview of Neurosurgery 2. Surgical Anatomy of the Brain 3. Surgical Anatomy of the Skull Base 4. Surgical Anatomy of the Spine 5. Precision Medicine in Neurosurgery 6. Improving Patient Safety 7. Neuroanesthesia: Preoperative Evaluation 8. Preoperative Assessment by Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 9. Classification Systems in Neurosurgery 10. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain 11. Radiology of the Spine 12. Physiologic Evaluation of the Brain With Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13. Molecular Imaging of the Brain With Positron Emission Tomography 14. Diffusion Tensor Imaging 15. Neuro-ophthalmology 16. Neurotology 17. Neurourology 18. Coagulation for the Neurosurgeon 19. The Microbiome and the Central Nervous System 20. Peripheral Venous Disease in the Neurosurgery Patient 21. Surgical Planning 22. Avoidance of Complications in Neurosurgery 23. Incisions and Closures 24. Positioning for Cranial Surgery 25. Positioning for Spine Surgery 26. Positioning for Peripheral Nerve Surgery 27. Surgical Simulation 28. Robotics in Cranial Neurosurgery 29. Spinal Robotic Surgery 30. Augmented Reality as an Aid in Neurosurgery 31. Visualization and Optics in Neurosurgery 32. Microscope Integration and Heads-Up Display in Brain Surgery 33. Brain Retraction 34. Advantages and Limitations of Cranial Endoscopy 35. Principles of Neurocritical Care 36. The Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit and the Unique Role of the Neurosurgeon 37. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 38. The Geriatric Patient: Age-Related Pathophysiologic Changes and Anesthesia Considerations 39. Brain Tumor Management in the Geriatric Patient 40. Traumatic Brain Injury in the Geriatric Patient 41. Genetics of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 42. Production and Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid 43. Clinical Evaluation of Hydrocephalus in Adults 44. Shunting 45. The Role of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy: A Critical Review 46. Pathophysiology of Chronic Subdural Hematomas 47. Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematomas 48. Systemic and Central Nervous System Changes During Pregnancy 49. Neuroanesthesia During Pregnancy 50. Vascular Lesions During Pregnancy 51. Brain Tumors During Pregnancy 52. Basic Science of Central Nervous System Infections 53. Postoperative Infections of the Head and Brain 54. Postoperative Infections of the Spine 55. The Use and Misuse of Antibiotics in Neurosurgery 56. Brain Abscess 57. Meningitis and Encephalitis 58. Neurological Manifestations of HIV and AIDS 59. Parasitic Infections 60. Surgical Risk of Blood-Borne Transmissible Disease 61. Molecular Biological Approaches for Understanding the Nervous System: A Primer for Neurosurgeons 62. Optogenetics and Clarity 63. Neuroembryology 64. Stem Cell Biology in the Central Nervous System 65. Neurons and Neuroglia 66. Cellular Mechanisms of Brain Energy Metabolism 67. Cellular and Molecular Responses in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Following Axonal Injury 68. The Blood-Brain Barrier 69. Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Intracranial Pressure 70. Cerebral Edema 71. Extracellular Fluid Movement and Clearance in the Brain: The Glymphatic Pathway 72. Altered Consciousness 73. Neuropsychological Testing 74. Biosensors in Neurosurgery: Wearable and Implantable Devices for Monitoring 75. Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Neurosurgery 76. Neurosurgical Epidemiology, Research, and Biostatistics 77. Electrophysiologic Properties of the Mammalian Central Nervous System 78. Animal Models of Epilepsy 79. Malformations of Cortical Development 80. Diagnosis and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy 81. Antiseizure Medications: Principles of Clinical Use 82. Electroencephalography in Outpatient, Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, and Intensive Care Unit Settings 83. Evaluation of Patients for Epilepsy Surgery 84. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Epilepsy Surgery 85. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Epilepsy Surgery Evaluation 86. Magnetoencephalography/Magnetic Source Imaging 87. Wada Testing 88. Preoperative Functional Localization 89. Intracranial Monitoring With Subdural Grids and Strips 90. Intracranial Monitoring: Stereo-electroencephalography Recording 91. Intraoperative Electrocorticography and Strategy in Tailored Lesionectomies 92. Intraoperative Mapping and Monitoring for Cortical Resection 93. Investigation of Human Cognition in Epilepsy Surgery Patients 94A. Anteromedial Temporal Lobectomy 94B. Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy 95. Resections for Extratemporal Epilepsy 96. Palliative Procedures for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy 97. Radiosurgical Treatment for Epilepsy 98. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy in Epilepsy 99. Hemispheric Disconnection Procedures 100. Electrical Stimulation for Epilepsy (VNS, DBS, and RNS) 101. Epilepsy Surgery: Outcomes and Complications 102. Anatomy and Synaptic Connectivity of the Basal Ganglia 103. Rationale for Surgical Interventions in Movement Disorders 104. Neuropathology of Movement Disorders 105. Clinical Overview of Movement Disorders 106. Patient Selection Criteria for Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement Disorders 107. Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders 108. Neuroimaging in Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery 109. Surgical Management of Tremor 110. Ablative Procedures for Parkinson Disease 111. Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease 112. Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia 113. Deep Brain Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action 114. Complication Avoidance in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery 115. Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Movement Disorder Surgery 116. Emerging and Experimental Neurosurgical Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease 117. Transcranial Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Tremor 118. Selective Peripheral Denervation for Cervical Dystonia 119. Thalamotomy for Focal Hand Dystonia 120. History and Ethical Considerations in Functional Neurosurgery 121. Surgery for Tourette Syndrome 122. Surgery for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 123. Surgery for Major Depressive Disorder 124. Surgery for Anorexia Nervosa 125. Surgery and Neuroscience of Addiction 126. Lesioning Surgery for Spasticity 127. Management of Spasticity by Central Nervous System Infusion Techniques 128. Treatment of Intractable Vertigo 129. Motor Cortex Stimulation for Pain and Movement Disorders 130. Deep Brain Stimulation for Obesity 131. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alzheimer Disease 132. Neuroprosthetics 133. Brain Tumors: An Overview of Current Histopathologic and Genetic Classifications 134. Brain Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy 135. Brain Tumor Stem Cells 136. Molecular Genetics and the Development of Targets for Glioma Therapy 137. The Genetic Origins of Brain Cancers 138. Malignant Glioma Microenvironment 139. Basic Science of Brain Metastases 140. Angiogenesis and Brain Tumors: Scientific Principles, Current Therapy, and Future Directions 141. Delivery of Therapy to Brain Tumors: Problems and Potentials 142. Epidemiology of Brain Tumors 143. Clinical Features: Neurology of Brain Tumor and Paraneoplastic Disorders 144. Radiologic Features of Central Nervous System Tumors 145. Endovascular Techniques for Tumor Embolization 146. Genetic Syndromes of Brain Tumors 147. Principles of Chemotherapy 148. Brain Tumor Outcome Studies: Design and Interpretation 149. Neurocognition in Brain Tumor Patients 150. Frame and Frameless Stereotactic Brain Biopsy 151. Basic Principles of Cranial Surgery for Brain Tumors 152. Basic Principles of Skull Base Surgery 153. Risks of Intrinsic Brain Tumor Surgery and Avoidance of Complications 154. Surgical Navigation for Brain Tumors 155. Endoscopic Approaches to Brain Tumors 156. Awake Craniotomy and Intraoperative Mapping 157A. Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging 157B. Fluorescence-guided Brain Tumor Surgery 158. Low-Grade Gliomas: Diffuse Astrocytoma and Oligodendroglioma 159. Malignant Gliomas: Anaplastic Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Gliosarcoma, and Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 160. Radiologic and Clinical Criteria of Treatment Response 161. Unusual Gliomas 162. Local Therapies for Gliomas 163. Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors 164. Pineal Tumors 165. Medulloblastomas in Adults 166. Intracranial Ependymomas in Adults 167. Hemangioblastomas 168. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas 169. Metastatic Brain Tumors 170. Ventricular Tumors 171. Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle 172. Meningiomas 173. Mesenchymal Nonmeningothelial Tumors 174. Vestibular Schwannomas 175. Pituitary Tumors: Functioning and Nonfunctioning 176. Craniopharyngiomas in Adults 177. Epidermoid, Dermoid, and Neurenteric Cysts 178. Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Skull Base Tumors 179. Overview of Skull Base Tumors 180. Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas 181. Head and Neck Paragangliomas 182. Neoplasms of the Paranasal Sinuses 183. Esthesioneuroblastoma 184. Trigeminal Schwannomas 185. Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibromas 186. Tumors of the Orbit 187. Skull Tumors 188. Scalp Tumors 189. Pseudotumor Cerebri 190. Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis, and Demyelinating Disease 191. Anatomy and Physiology of Pain 192. Molecular Basis of Nociception 193. Approach to the Patient With Chronic Pain 194. Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain 195. Management of Pain by Percutaneous Anesthetic Injections and Neurolysis 196. Evidence-Based Approach to the Treatment of Facial Pain 197. Trigeminal Neuralgia: Diagnosis and Nonoperative Management 198. Percutaneous Procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia 199. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia 200. Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia 201. Neurosurgical Management of Intractable Pain 202. Evidence-based Neurostimulation for Pain 203. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain 204. Spinal Cord Stimulation 205. Evidence Base for Destructive Procedures 206. Dorsal Rhizotomy and Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy 207. Diagnosis and Management of Painful Neuromas 208. Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain 209. Percutaneous Cordotomy and Trigeminal Tractotomy for Pain 210. Neuroanesthesia in Children 211. Neurocritical Care in Children 212. Neuroembryology and Molecular Genetics of the Brain 213. Cranial Dysraphisms: Encephaloceles, Meningoceles, and Cranial Dermal Sinus Tracts 214. Dandy-Walker Syndrome 215. Arachnoid Cysts in Childhood 216. Chiari Malformations 217. Craniopagus Twins 218. Molecular Genetics and Principles of Craniosynostosis 219. Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Introduction and Single-Suture Synostosis 220. Syndromic Craniosynostosis 221. Endoscopic Treatment of Craniosynostosis 222. Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly 223. Hydrocephalus in Children: Etiology and Overall Management 224. Infantile Post-hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus 225. Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders and Transitional Neurosurgery 226. Experimental Hydrocephalus 227. Ventricular Shunting Procedures 228. Neuroendoscopy 229. Cerebrospinal Fluid Devices 230. Management and Prevention of Shunt Infections 231. Genetics of Pediatric Brain Tumors 232. General Approaches and Considerations for Pediatric Brain Tumors 233. Optic Pathway Hypothalamic Gliomas 234. Thalamic Tumors 235. Choroid Plexus Tumors 236. Pediatric Craniopharyngiomas 237. Pediatric Supratentorial Hemispheric Tumors 238. Ependymomas 239. Medulloblastomas in Children 240. Cerebellar Astrocytomas 241. Brainstem Gliomas 242. Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors 243. Neurocutaneous Tumor Syndromes 244. Pediatric Intraventricular and Periventricular Tumors 245. Skull Lesions in Children 246. Moyamoya Disease in Children 247. Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation 248. Pediatric Cerebral Aneurysms 249. Pediatric Arteriovenous Malformations 250. Management of Head Injury: Special Considerations in Children 251. Inflicted Trauma (Child Abuse) 252. Growing Skull Fractures 253. Neonatal Brain Injury 254. Birth Brachial Plexus Injury 255. Myelomeningocele and Myelocystocele 256. Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele 257. Lipomyelomeningocele 258. Split Spinal Cord 259. Tethered Spinal Cord: Fatty Filum Terminale, Meningocele Manqué, and Dermal Sinus Tracts 260. Developmental Anomalies of the Craniovertebral Junction and Surgical Management 261. Achondroplasia and Other Dwarfisms 262. Surgical Management of the Pediatric Subaxial Cervical Spine 263. Tumors of the Spine, Spinal Canal, and Spinal Cord in Children 264. Introduction to Spinal Deformities in Children 265. Thoracolumbar Spinal Disorders in Pediatric Patients 266. Pediatric Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Injuries 267. Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery 268. Clinical Features and Management of Cerebral Palsy 269. Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for Cerebral Palsy 270. Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for Spastic Cerebral Palsy 271. Pathophysiology of Surgical Nerve Disorders 272. Peripheral Nerve Examination, Evaluation, and Biopsy 273. Peripheral Neuropathies 274. Monitoring of Neural Function: Electromyography, Nerve Conduction, and Evoked Potentials 275. Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders 276. Distal Entrapment Syndromes: Carpal Tunnel, Cubital Tunnel, Peroneal, and Tarsal Tunnel 277. Brachial Plexus Nerve Entrapments and Thoracic Outlet Syndromes 278. Piriformis Syndrome, Obturator Internus Syndrome, Pudendal Nerve Entrapment, and Other Pelvic Entrapments 279. Techniques in Nerve Reconstruction and Repair 280. Nerve Transfers 281. Management of Acute Peripheral Nerve Injuries 282. Early Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries 283. Secondary Procedures for Brachial Plexus Injuries 284. Nerve Injuries of the Lower Extremity 285. Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Peripheral Nerve 286. Avoiding Iatrogenic Injury Affecting Nerves and Treatment of Consequent Symptoms 287. Neuroelectronic Systems 288. Peripheral Nerve Surgery for Central Nervous System Disorders 289. Peripheral Nerve Treatments for Central and Autonomic Disorders 290. General and Historical Considerations of Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery 291. Radiobiology of Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery 292. Radiation Therapy Techniques 293. Radiosurgery Technique 294. Radiology of Radiation Techniques 295. Combining Ionizing Radiation and Systemic Therapies for Treatment of Brain Metastases 296. Fractionated Radiotherapy for Brain Tumors 297. Fractionated Radiotherapy for Spine Tumors 298. Radiosurgery for Malignant Intracranial Tumors 299. Radiosurgery for Benign Intracranial Tumors 300. Radiosurgery for Intracranial Vascular Malformations 301. Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders 302. Radiosurgery for Benign Spine Tumors and Spinal Vascular Malformations 303. Radiosurgery for Malignant Axial Spine Tumors 304. Spinal Anatomy 305. Spinal Imaging 306. Spinal Biomechanics and Basics of Spinal Instrumentation 307. Disk Degeneration and Regeneration 308. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury 309. Electrophysiologic Studies and Monitoring 310. Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis 311. Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Disease 312. Nonsurgical and Postsurgical Management of Low Back Pain 313. Complication Avoidance in Spine Surgery 314. Predictive Analytics in the Treatment of Spinal Disorders 315. Evaluation and Treatment of Cervical Disk Herniations 316. Evaluation and Treatment of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 317. Evaluation and Treatment of Thoracic Disk Herniation 318. Evaluation and Treatment of Lumbar Disk Disease 319. Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Stenosis 320. Evaluation and Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis 321. Evaluation and Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy 322. Evaluation and Treatment of Spinal Epidural Abscess 323. Treatment of Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis 324. Evaluation and Treatment of Fungal and Tubercular Infections of the Spine 325. Evaluation and Treatment of Benign Tumors of the Axial Skeleton 326. Evaluation and Treatment of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Axial Skeleton 327. Evaluation and Treatment of Benign Intradural Extramedullary Tumors 328. Evaluation and Treatment of Metastatic Spinal Lesions 329. Evaluation and Treatment of Malignant PrimarySpinal Tumors 330. Evaluation and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Spinal Diseases 331. Evaluation and Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 332. Adult Congenital Malformations of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine 333. Adult Tethered Cord Syndrome 334. Adult Syringomyelia 335. Evaluation and Classification of Spinal Instability 336. Medical Management of Spinal Cord Injury 337. Prognosis in Spinal Trauma 338. Classification and Treatment of O–C1 Craniocervical Injuries 339. Evaluation and Treatment of C2 (Axis) Fractures and Instability 340. Evaluation, Classification, and Treatment of Subaxial Cervical (C3–C7) Injuries 341. Evaluation and Treatment of Cervicothoracic Junction Injuries 342. Evaluation and Management of Athletic Injuries of the Cervical Spine 343. Evaluation, Classification, and Treatment of Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries 344. Evaluation and Treatment of Osteoporotic Fractures (Cement Augmentation) 345. Rehabilitation of Acute Spinal Cord Injury 346. Classification of Spinal Deformity 347. Evaluation of Spinal Alignment 348. Evaluation and Treatment of Cervical Deformity 349. Evaluation and Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 350. Evaluation and Treatment of Scheuermann Kyphosis 351. Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Scoliosis and Sagittal Plane Deformity 352. Evaluation and Treatment of Proximal Junctional Kyphosis 353. Treatment of High-Grade Spondylolisthesis 354. Bone Graft Options, Graft Substitutes, and Harvest Techniques 355. Cervical Arthroplasty 356. Lumbar Disk Arthroplasty 357. Occiput, C1, and C2 Instrumentation 358. Anterior Cervical Instrumentation 359. Posterior Subaxial and Cervicothoracic Instrumentation 360. Anterior Thoracic Instrumentation 361. Anterior and Lateral Lumbar Instrumentation 362. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Instrumentation 363. Posterior, Transforaminal, and Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Techniques and Instrumentation 364. Image-Guided Spinal Navigation: Principles and Clinical Applications 365. Sacropelvic Fixation: Anterior and Posterior Options 366. Spinal Osteotomies 367. Evaluation, Indications, and Techniques of Revision Spine Surgery 368. Minimally Invasive Decompression Techniques 369. Minimally Invasive Lateral and Anterolateral Approaches to the Lumbar Spine 370. Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Posterior Approaches to Spine 371. Endoscopic Approaches and Applications for Lumbar Spinal Procedures 372. Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformity: Principles and Applications 373. Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury 374. Biomechanical Basis of Traumatic Brain Injury 375. Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury 376. Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury 377. Genetics of Traumatic Brain Injury 378. Neurochemical Pathomechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury 379. Traumatic Brain Injury: Proteomic Biomarkers 380. Therapeutic Strategies for Repair and Regeneration Following Traumatic Brain Injury 381. International Initiatives to Advance Knowledgein Traumatic Brain Injury 382. Structural Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury 383. Advanced Structural and Functional Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury 384. Clinical Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury 385. Sport-Related Concussion 386. Initial Resuscitation, Prehospital Care, and Emergency Department Care in Traumatic Brain Injury 387. Critical Care Management of Traumatic Brain Injury 388. Invasive Physiologic Monitoring for Traumatic Brain Injury 389. Noninvasive Neuromonitoring for Traumatic Brain Injury 390. Electrophysiologic Monitoring for Traumatic Brain Injury 391. Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury 392. Traumatic Brain Injury Care in Resource-Challenged Environments 393. Surgical Management and Prognosis of Penetrating Brain Injury 394. Cranioplasty 395. Surgical Considerations for Patients With Polytrauma 396. Blast-Induced Neurotrauma 397. Indications and Techniques for Cranial Decompression After Traumatic Brain Injury 398. Craniofacial Injuries 399. Prognosis After Traumatic Brain Injury 400. Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas 401. Rehabilitation of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury 402. Long-term Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury 403. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism and Cerebral Ischemia 404. Intraoperative Cerebral Protection 405. Acute Medical Management of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke 406. Acute Surgical and Endovascular Management of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke 407. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy for Interventional and Microvascular Procedures and Patients 408. Neuroanesthesia for Microvascular and Interventional Cerebrovascular Procedures 409. Vascular Access for Neuroendovascular Procedures 410. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neurosonology 411. Neurovascular Imaging 412. Frontal Electroencephalography for Anesthetic Management in Neurosurgery 413. The Natural History and Medical Management of Carotid Occlusive Disease 414. Carotid Endarterectomy 415. Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting 416. Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury 417. Nonatherosclerotic Carotid Lesions 418. Extracranial Vertebral Artery Diseases 419. Microsurgical Management of Intracranial Occlusion Disease 420. Endovascular Management of Intracranial Occlusion Disease 421. Adult Moyamoya Angiopathy 422. Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis 423. Nonlesional Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage 424. Genetics of Intracranial Aneurysms 425. The Natural History of Cerebral Aneurysms 426. Pathobiology of Intracranial Aneurysms 427. Surgical Decision Making for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms 428. Perioperative Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 429. Open Versus Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Aneurysms: 10-Year BRAT Report and Overview of Other Trials 430. Endovascular Approaches to Intracranial Aneurysms 431. Endovascular Approaches to Narrow-necked Intracranial Aneurysms 432. Endovascular Approaches to Wide-Necked Intracranial Aneurysms 433. Endovascular Flow Diversion for Intracranial Aneurysms 434. Endovascular Hunterian Ligation 435. Surgical Approaches to Intracranial Aneurysms 436. Microsurgery of Paraclinoid Aneurysms 437. Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms 438. Microsurgery of Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms 439. Microsurgery of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms 440. Surgical Management of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms 441. Microsurgery of Vertebral Artery and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms 442. Microsurgery of Basilar Apex Aneurysms 443. Microsurgical Management of Giant Intracranial Aneurysms 444. Medical, Microsurgical, and Interventional Treatment of Infectious Aneurysms 445. Revascularization Techniques for Complex Aneurysms and Skull Base Tumors 446. Multimodality Treatments of Cerebrovascular Disorders 447. Traumatic Cerebral Aneurysms Secondary to Penetrating Intracranial Injuries 448. Medical Management of Cerebral Vasospasm 449. Endovascular Management of Cerebral Vasospasm 450. Pathobiology of True Arteriovenous Malformations 451. Epidemiology and Natural History of Cerebral Vascular Malformations 452. Therapeutic Decision Making in the Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain 453. Adjuvant Endovascular Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations 454. Endovascular Management of Arteriovenous Malformations for Cure 455. Microsurgery of Arteriovenous Malformations 456. Surgical and Radiosurgical Management of Grade IV and V Arteriovenous Malformations 457. Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas 458. Treatment of Other Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas 459. Natural History of Cavernous Malformations 460. Genetics of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 461. Microsurgery for Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 462. Classification of Spinal Arteriovenous Lesions 463. Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Vascular Malformations 464. Microsurgical Treatment of Spinal Vascular Malformations