Weather and Life
An Introduction to Biometeorology
- 1st Edition - January 1, 1969
- Author: William P. Lowry
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 5 0 7 2 - 4
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 2 7 4 7 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 6 1 7 7 - 5
Weather and Life: An Introduction to Biometeorology provides information pertinent to the interactions between and among the various parts of an organism-environment system. This… Read more
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Request a sales quoteWeather and Life: An Introduction to Biometeorology provides information pertinent to the interactions between and among the various parts of an organism-environment system. This book discusses the ways of analyzing information to permit an understanding of the whole and to allow intelligent management of the system. Organized into four sections encompassing 17 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the fundamental environmental factors of radiation, moisture, wind, and temperature and heat. This text then analyzes the environmental factors with a philosophical excursion into matters of data collection and instrumentation. Other chapters consider some of the more widely accepted biological concepts. This book discusses as well the problems of urban climate and air pollution. The final chapter deals with the advances in biometeorology in terms of routine weather observations, of statistical methods, and of high-speed computers. This book is a valuable resource for biometeorologists, meteorologists, biologists, ecologists, scientists, and plant physiologists.
Preface 1. Introduction The Nature of Biometeorology The Structure of Biometeorology Biometeorology as a ScienceSection I The Physical Environment 2. Energy and Ecology The Basic Link in an Ecosystem The Meteorologist's Role The Biologist's Goal Energy and Environment Heat Transfer Processes Conclusion 3. Radiation Spectra Black Body Radiation Terminology Planck's Law Wien's Law The Stephan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff's Law Spectra of Principal Atmospheric Gases Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System References Problems 4. Environmental Temperature Temperature Versus Heat "True Air" Versus "Test Body" Temperature Air Temperature Near the Ground: Time Variations Air Temperature Near the Ground: Space Variations Temperatures Near the Ground Surface: Time and Space Variations Temperature Lapse Rates Lapse Rates Above the Surface Lapse Rates in the Surface Layers Some Other Aspects of Air Temperature Variation Near the Ground Heat Conduction in Soil: Basic Considerations Heat Conduction in Soil: The Soil Heat-Budget Equation The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 1 The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 2 The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 3 The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 4 The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 5 The Soil-Heat Budget Equation: Case 6 References Problems 5. Environmental Moisture The Latent Heats of Water Vapor Pressure Measures of Atmospheric Moisture The Temperature-Relative Humidity-Vapor Pressure Diagram Vapor Pressure Deficit Versus Vapor Pressure Gradient Vapor Movement in the Environment Moisture Lapse Rates Above the Surface Soil Moisture: Basic Considerations Soil Moisture: Liquid or Film Flow Soil Moisture: Vapor Flow Soil Moisture: Field Conditions References Problems 6. Wind, Advection, and Turbulent Transfer Macroscale and Mesoscale Winds Advection Wind Near the Earth's Surface: Turbulence Wind Near the Earth's Surface: Wind Profiles Wind Near the Earth's Surface: Turbulent Transfer Vertical Flux References ProblemsSection II Energy Budgets 7. The Energy-Budget Concept The Generalized Energy Budget Energy-Budget Systems: Type 1 Energy-Budget Systems: Type 2 Energy-Budget Systems: Type 3 Energy-Budget Systems: Type 4 Energy-Budget Systems: Concluding Remarks References Problems 8. Energy Budgets of Particular Systems Importance of System Surfaces and Their Temperatures Energy-Budget Type 1: Estimation of Components Energy-Budget Type 1: Variability of Components Energy-Budget Type 1: Nature and Effects of the Soil Heat Component Energy-Budget Type 2: Estimation of Components Energy-Budget Type 2: Variability of Components Energy-Budget Type 3: Estimation of Components Energy-Budget Type 3: Variability of Components Energy-Budget Type 4: Estimation of Components Concluding Remarks References Problems 9. Instrumentation and Data Collection Physical Environment: A Synopsis The Objective of It All Basic Requirements for Proper Data Collection Knowledge of the Nature of the Environment A Scheme for Characterizing the Environment Knowledge of Instruments and Their Interactions Plan for Obtaining Compatible Measurements Concluding Remarks References ProblemsSection III The Biological Environment 10. Plants and the Atmosphere: Physiology Introduction Photosynthesis Transpiration Soil-Plant Relations References Problems 11. Plants and the Atmosphere: Growth and Development Introduction Thermoperiodism Phenology and Tolerance The "Heat Units" Concept Applications References Problems 12. Artificial Control of Plant Environments Introduction Controlling the Heat Load: Heat Trapping Controlling the Heat Load: Shading Protection from Cold: Supplementary Heat Protection from Cold: Reduction in Sensible and Latent Heat Flux Controlling Soil Moisture: Mulching and Plowing Controlling Soil Moisture: Irrigation Controlling the Soil Heat Budget Controlling Convection and Advection: Shelter Belts Concluding Remarks References Problems 13. Animals and the Atmosphere Direct and Indirect Atmospheric Effects on Animals Short-Term Effects: The Preferendum Short-Term Effects: Rate of Dispersal Long-Term Effects: Rate of Development Long-Term Effects: Reproduction Concluding Remarks References Problems 14. Humans and the Atmosphere Biophysical Adaptation: Effects of Animal Size Biophysical Adaptation: Physiological Responses The Energy Budget: Operative Temperature The Energy Budget: Evaluation of Components The Role of Clothing The Role of Housing The Limits of Tolerance Concluding Remarks References ProblemsSection IV The Urban Environment 15. The Climate of the City Basic Physical Urban-Rural Contrasts Urban-Rural Temperature Contrasts: Theory Urban-Rural Temperature Contrasts: Observations Urban-Rural Temperature Contrasts: The "Heat Island" Other Urban-Rural Contrasts References Problems 16. Air Pollution Meteorology Diffusion of Contaminants: The Microscale Diffusion of Contaminants: The Mesoscale Concluding Remarks 17. A Look Backward and A Look Forward Text ReferencesSupplementary Reading ListSolutions to Selected ProblemsAuthor IndexSubject Index
- No. of pages: 312
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 1, 1969
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9781483250724
- Hardback ISBN: 9781483227474
- eBook ISBN: 9781483261775
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