Volcanic Hazards

Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Volcanic Activity and Volcanic Hazards 1.1 Volcanic Settings 1.2 Types of Eruption 1.3 Volcanic Activity 1.4 Eruption Size 1.5 Volcanic Hazards Chapter 2 Hazards Produced by Volcanic Eruptions 2.1 Lava Flows 2.2 Ballistic Projectiles and Tephra Falls 2.3 Pyroclastic Flows and Debris Avalanches 2.4 Lahars and Jökulhlaups 2.5 Earthquakes and Ground Deformation 2.6 Tsunami 2.7 Atmospheric Phenomena 2.8 Acid Rains and Gases 2.9 Some ConclusionsChapter 3 Effects on Humans: Deaths and Injuries 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Some General Statistics 3.3 Lava Flows 3.4 Ballistic Projectiles 3.5 Tephra Falls 3.6 Pyroclastic Flows and Debris Avalanches 3.7 Lahars 3.8 Earthquakes and Ground Deformation 3.9 Tsunami 3.10 Atmospheric Effects 3.11 Gases and Acid Rains 3.12 Other Causes of Death 3.13 Conclusions Chapter 4 Social Aspects of Volcanic Eruptions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Human Perceptions of Eruption Risk 4.3 Mental Health Problems 4.4 Evacuation 4.5 Panic, Rumors, Crime 4.6 Disaster Relief 4.7 The Effects on Rescuers, Officials, Politicians 4.8 Volcanic Eruptions and Religious Beliefs 4.9 Longer Term Social Changes Resulting from Eruptions 4.10 Conclusions Chapter 5 Volcanic Hazards and Buildings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Lava Flows 5.3 Tephra Falls 5.4 Pyroclastic Flows 5.5 Lahars 5.6 Earthquakes and Ground Deformation 5.7 Tsunami 5.8 Atmospheric Effects 5.9 Acid Rains and GasesChapter 6 The Effects on Utilities and Machinery 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water Supply Systems 6.3 Waste Water Systems 6.4 Electrical Supply Systems 6.5 Telecommunications 6.6 Airports and Aeroplanes 6.7 Railroads 6.8 Shipping 6.9 Roads 6.10 The Effects of Mount St Helens Tephra on Roads 6.11 Vehicles 6.12 Other Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Chapter 7 The Effects on Agriculture 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Crops 7.3 Livestock and Other Mammals 7.4 Aquatic Life 7.5 Birdlife 7.6 Insects and Others 7.7 Recovery Chapter 8 The Effects on Economic Activity 8.1 The Range of Effects 8.2 Some General Considerations 8.3 Agriculture 8.4 Tourism 8.5 Commercial Activity 8.6 Government 8.7 Some Perspectives Chapter 9 Summary, Conclusions, Implications 9.1 A Summary and Some Conclusions 9.2 Hazard Perception 9.3 The FutureReferences List of Publications Referred to in the Text Index