Volatile Biomarkers
Non-Invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine
- 1st Edition - May 13, 2013
- Editors: Cristina Davis, Jonathan Beauchamp
- Language: English
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, sweat or urine carry much information on the state of human health. The role of VOCs in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic mo… Read more
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, sweat or urine carry much information on the state of human health. The role of VOCs in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring is expected to become increasingly significant due to recent advances in the field. Volatile Biomarkers: Non-Invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine includes the latest discoveries and applications for VOCs from the world's foremost scientists and clinicians working in this emerging analytic area.
- Appeals to a multidisciplinary audience, including scientists, researchers, and clinicians with an interest in breath analysis
- Features the latest scientific research and technical breakthroughs in the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of volatile organic compounds
- Includes case presentations documenting applications in multiple areas of human health and safety
Chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, physiologists, and clinicians with an interest in breath analysis
List of Contributors
Foreword
PART A Interpretation of Breath Analysis Data
Chapter 1. Mathematical and Statistical Approaches for Interpreting Biomarker Compounds in Exhaled Human Breath
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Data interpretation
1.3 Conclusions and recommendations
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 2. Issues and Challenges in Human Breath Research: Perspectives from Our Experience
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Defining normal in clinical practice: the case of a routine liver blood test
2.3 Developing a breath test: can the blood assay be unseated?
2.4 Convincing clinicians
2.5 Breath markers
2.6 Conclusion
References
PART B Real-Time Analysis of Exhaled Breath
Chapter 3. Physiological Modeling for Analysis of Exhaled Breath
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Real-time measurements: experimental basics
3.3 Modeling
3.4 Concluding remarks
References
PART C Physiological and Clinical Studies
Chapter 4. Recent SIFT-MS Studies of Volatile Compounds in Physiology, Medicine and Cell Biology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Direct breath analysis
4.3 VOC emission from skin; comparison with VOCs in breath
4.4 Exhaled breath condensate and broncoalveolar lavage
4.5 VOCs in urine headspace; ketones and ovulation; 3-HBA
4.6 Volatile biomarkers of cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo
4.7 Alcohol ingestion and detection and cannabis
4.8 Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS, and total body water
4.9 Summary remarks; future prospects for SIFT-MS and FA-MS in medicine
References
Chapter 5. The Analysis of Oral Air by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry Using Indole and Methylindole as Examples
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Oral malodor
5.3 Oral air sampling considerations
5.4 Indoles
5.5 Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Smokers Breath as Seen by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and methods
6.3 Results and discussion
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Exhaled Breath Analysis in Occupational Medicine
7.1 Rationale for the use of exhaled breath analysis in occupational medicine
7.2 Exhaled nitric oxide
7.3 Exhaled breath condensate (EBC)
7.4 Exhaled volatile organic compounds
References
Chapter 8. Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Breath: Biogenic Origin and Point-of-Care Analysis Approaches
8.1 Biogenic origin of volatile compounds in human exhaled breath
8.2 Miniature mobile point-of-care diagnostic systems for VOC breath biomarkers: trends and future requirements
8.3 Advances in data analysis required for breath sensor technologies
References
Chapter 9. Breath Analysis in Critically Ill Patients—Potential and Limitations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Technical aspects of breath analysis in critically ill patients
9.3 Methodological aspects
9.4 Clinical aspects of breath analysis in critically ill patients
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Analysis of Cancer Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath and Comparison with Sensory Indications by Dogs
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.4 Conclusions
References
PART D Nitric Oxide, NO, and Carbon Monoxide, CO
Chapter 11. Added Value with Extended NO Analysis
11.1 Background
11.2 A two compartment model
11.3 Different no models
11.4 Corrections for axial back diffusion
11.5 Limitations
11.6 Values from non-smoking healthy subjects
11.7 The usefulness of extended no analysis
11.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Carbon Monoxide as an Exhaled Biomarker of Pulmonary Diseases
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Chemical and biochemical properties of CO
12.3 Environmental sources of CO
12.4 Endogenous sources of CO: the heme oxygenase enzyme system
12.5 Signaling properties of CO
12.6 CYTO- and tissue-protective effects of CO
12.7 Methods for breath CO detection
12.8 Exhaled CO in human diseases
12.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13. Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Clinical Practice: Recent Advances and New Challenges
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Exhaled nitric oxide
13.3 Technical aspects of measurement
13.4 NO in clinical decision making
13.5 Conclusions and directions for future areas of research
References
PART E Clinical Breath Tests
Chapter 14. An Update on 13C-Breath Tests: The Transition to Acceptability into Clinical Practice
14.1 Introduction
14.2 History of 13C breath tests
14.3 Standardization of instrumentation and breath collection bags
14.4 Breath tests during the period 2005–2011
14.5 The future of 13C-breath tests
References
PART F Development and Use of Sensors
Chapter 15. Sensors for Exhaled Gas Analysis: An Analytical Review
15.1 Introduction. sensors as a prospective tool for implementation of fundamental findings in the area of exhaled gas analysis in the clinical setting
15.2 Sensory metrological performance essential for exhaled breath measurements
15.3 Types of sensors used for exhaled gas analysis
15.4 Detection principles and concepts involved in breath analysis using sensors
15.5 Medical applications of sensory breath analysis
15.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 16. Arrays of Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for Breath Testing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The design of the sensor array
16.3 Nanomaterials for sensor arrays
16.4 Chemiresistive MCNP films for sensor arrays
16.5 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTS) for sensors arrays
16.6 Semiconducting nanowires for cross-reactive sensors
16.7 Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Smart Sensor Systems for Human Health Breath Monitoring Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Smart sensor systems
17.3 Breath monitoring: smart sensor system development
17.4 Home asthma breath monitoring technology
17.5 Asthma monitoring system miniaturization
17.6 Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 18. VOC Analysis by SIFT-MS, GC-MS, and Electronic Nose for Diagnosing and Monitoring Disease
18.1 Methodology and VOC analysis
18.2 Healthy volunteers
18.3 Acetone and diabetes
18.4 Acetone from skin
18.5 Tuberculosis and other infectious diseases
18.6 Gastro-intestinal illness
18.7 Bladder cancer
18.8 Concluding remarks
References
PART G Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) and Particulates
Chapter 19. Measurement of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Airway Inflammation in Exhaled Breath Condensate: Methodology and Potential Applications in Patients with COPD and Healthy Smokers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 EBC analysis: methodology
19.3 Analysis of EBC from patients with COPD and healthy smokers
19.4 Advantages and limitations of the EBC technique
19.5 Future research
References
Chapter 20. Particles in Exhaled Air—A Novel Method of Sampling Non-Volatiles in Exhaled Air
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Number of particles in exhaled breath
20.3 Formation and origin of exhaled particles
20.4 Composition of exhaled particles
20.5 Sampling of exhaled particles in occupational medicine
20.6 Conclusions
References
PART H Volatiles of Microbial Origin: Urine, Stool and in vitro Cultures
Chapter 21. Challenges in the Investigation of Volatile Disease Biomarkers in Urine
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Distinctive odors and/or volatile profiles associated with diseases are present in urine and detected by animals and analytical instruments
21.3 Challenges in monitoring volatile disease biomarkers in urine
21.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 22. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Found in Urine and Stool
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Urine VOCs and disease
22.3 Bacteria present in human urine, current test methods, and VOC analyses
22.4 Stool VOCs and disease
22.5 A comparison of VOCs found in urine and stool
22.6 Summary
References
Chapter 23. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Released by Pathogenic Microorganisms in vitro: Potential Breath Biomarkers for Early-Stage Diagnosis of Disease
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methodology
23.3 Results
23.4 Discussion
23.5 Summary
References
PART I Urban Search and Rescue Operations
Chapter 24. Potential Applications of Volatile Organic Compounds in Safety and Security
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Chemical analysis of breath
24.3 Analytical instrumentation; field technology
24.4 Factors affecting VOCs
24.5 Volatiles in safety and security applications
24.6 Urine as a potential source of markers of human presence
24.7 Evaluation of IMS-based portable technologies for the detection of urine-borne human scent constituents
24.8 SPATIO-temporal measurements of VOCs
24.9 Real-time measurement of exhaled breath and skin emanations
24.10 A hit list of compounds for urban search and rescue operations
24.11 Summary
References
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 13, 2013
- Language: English
CD
Cristina Davis
Cristina Davis is chair and professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of California Davis, United States. Her research focuses on development of novel chemical and biological sensor systems and biomarker identification in agriculture and human/animal health monitoring. She has 12 issued patents and has coauthored over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. She is current chair-elect of IABR.
Affiliations and expertise
Chair and professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United StatesJB
Jonathan Beauchamp
Jonathan Beauchamp is manager of the Emissions Analytics and Diagnostics group at the Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV in Freising, Germany. He has been involved in academic and industrial breath research for the past 15 years and is currently principal investigator in several breath-related projects. He is an active member and current treasurer of the International Association of Breath Research (IABR).
Affiliations and expertise
Manager, Emissions Analytics and Diagnostics group, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, GermanyRead Volatile Biomarkers on ScienceDirect