Unbound Aggregates in Roads

Preface

Foreword

List of Participants

Part I Introduction and General Reports


1. Introduction


2. General Report: Mechanical Properties


3. General Report: Drainage and Permeability


4. General Report: Waste Alternative Materials


5. General Report: the Specification of Granular Materials for Unbound Pavement Layers

Part II Placing and Compaction


6. Keynote Paper. Placement and Compaction of Unbound Aggregates


7. Production-Integrated Compaction Testing


8. Compaction Meter and Compaction Documentation System


9. Discussion

Part III Drainage and Permeability


10. Keynote Paper. Granular Drainage Layers in Pavement Foundations


11. Horizontal Permeability of Compacted Aggregates


12. A New Method for the Determination of Horizontal and Vertical Permeability of Cohesionless Basecourse Materials


13. Technical Note. In-Situ Permeability Testing of Sub-bases on the M5 Motorway


14. Stormwater Flow through Unbound Aggregate Sub-bases


15. Discussion

Part IV Mechanical Properties and Durability


16. Keynote Paper. Mechanical Properties of Unbound Aggregates


17. The Mechanical Properties of Unbound Aggregates from Various Sources


18. A Repeated Load Triaxial Apparatus for Granular Materials


19. The Measurement of Residual Stresses Due to Compaction in Granular Materials


20. The Degradation of Furnace Bottom Ash Under Compaction


21. Assessing Basalt Durability - Rapid Alternative Techniques


22. Discussion

Part V Alternative Materials


23. Specifications for Materials Used as an Unbound Aggregate


24. Steel Slags as Unbound Aggregate in Road Construction: Problems and Recommendations


25. Design of Pavement Thicknesses Incorporating Alternative Granular Materials


26. Natural and Waste Material - A Chance for Competition?


27. Technical Note. Alternative Materials in Road Construction - An Approach for Research Implementation


28. Discussion

Part VI Design Philosophy, Specification and Compliance


29. Keynote Paper. Design Philosophy


30. The French Technique in the Use of Unbound Roadbase in Pavements


31. Technical Note. Specifications and Standards for Unbound Aggregates and Their Use in the Federal Republic of Germany


32. Specifications and Standards for Unbound Aggregates and Their Use in Italy


33. Specifications and Standards for Unbound Aggregates and Their Use in Portugal


34. Technical Note. A Study on Singapore Rocks for Use as Unbound Roadbase Material


35. Use of Unbound Pavement Materials in Sweden and Other Scandinavian Countries


36. Specifications and Standards for Unbound Aggregates in Roads and Their Use in the UK


37. A Summary of Selected US Basecourse Specifications


38. The Relation between Risks of Non-compliance and Production, Sampling and Testing Variations


39. What Price Granular Materials in Road Construction?


40. The Improvement of Roads in Developing Countries to Bituminous Standards Using Naturally Occurring Latentes


41. Discussion

Part VII Evaluating In Situ Performance


42. Structural Contribution of Self-Cementing Granular Bases to Asphalt Pavements


43. In-Situ Determination of Granular Basecourse Stiffness


44. Assessing the Quality of Gravel Sub-Base


45. The Use of Uniform Sand for Road Construction


46. Measurement of Non-linear Deformation Characteristics of Unbound Aggregates by Natural Vibrations Method


47. Technical Note. Development of a Prototype Variable Impact Testing Apparatus


48. Discussion

Part VIII Conclusions and Recommendations


49. Conclusions and Recommendations for the Use of Unbound Aggregates in Roads

Author Index

Keyword Index