Ultrasound

Part II

Contributors to Part II

Chapter IX. Selected Non-Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound and Biological Media


1. Introduction


2. Wave Distortion


3. Mechanical Disarrangement of Tissue Structures


3.1 Cyclic Tissue Movements


3.2 Streaming Movements, The Effect of the Summation of Cyclic and Streaming Velocities


3.3 The Effect of Structure Shape on Viscous Forces


4. Thermodynamic Effects

References

Chapter X. Therapy with Continuous Wave Ultrasound


1. Introduction


2. Rationale for Selecting Ultrasound as a Therapeutic Agent


2.1 Biophysics


2.2 Physiological Effects Resulting from Temperature Rise Due to Ultrasound Absorption


2.3 Physiological Effects Resulting from Non-Thermal Phenomena


2.4 Clinical Technique of Ultrasound Application and Dosimetry


2.5 Selective Heating of Joint Structures


2.6 Indications


2.7 Contraindications


2.8 Application of Pulsed Ultrasound


2.9 Characteristics of Suitable Equipment


2.10 Coupling Media


3. Summary

References

Chapter XI. Pulse Echo Visualization


1. Introduction


2. Modes of Operation


3. Properties of the Medium


4. Imaging Properties


4.1 Axial (Depth) Resolution


5. Azimuthal Response


6. Far Field


7. Resolution Cell


8. Imaging Rate


9. Artifacts


10. Practical Instrumentation


11. Clinical Applications


11.1 A-Mode


11.2 M-Mode


11.3 B-Mode


11.4 Obstetrics and Gynecology


11.5 Abdomen


11.6 Infant Brain


11.7 Eye


11.8 Breast


11.9 Thyroid


12. Future Developments


13. Conclusion

References

Chapter XII. A Research Approach to Visualization of Breast Tumors by Ultrasound Methods


1. Introduction


2. Background


3. Methods of Procedure


4. Results


5. Discussion


6. Summary


7. Acknowledgements

References

Chapter XIII. Acoustic Characterization of Tissue at the Microscopic Level—Sonohistology


1. Introduction


2. Technique


3. Sonomicroscopic Characterization of Tissues


4. Acoustic Attenuation and Impedance Distribution


5. Velocity of Sound Distribution


6. Results and Discussion

References

Chapter XIV. Intense Focused Ultrasound: Its Production, Effects and Utilization


1. Introduction


2. Systems for Irradiation with Intense Focused Ultrasound


2.1 Calibration


3. Interaction of Intense Focused Ultrasound and Biological Tissue


3.1 Lesions in Other Tissues


4. Applications


4.1 Quantitative Neuroanatomy


4.2 Human Clinical Series


5. Conclusion

References

Appendix I. Cavitation and its Effects on Organized Mammalian Tissue—A Summary

Appendix II. Thermal Mechanisms in Ultrasound-Tissue Interactions—A Summary

Index, I-1-I-4

Contents of Part I

Chapter I. Physical Principles of Ultrasound

Chapter II. Cavitation: Dynamics of Gas Bubbles; Applications

Chapter III. Doppler Principles and Techniques

Chapter IV. Transducers for Ultrasonic Systems

Chapter V. Ultrasonic Dosimetry

Chapter VI. Ultrasonic Absorption and Dispersion

Chapter VII. Scattering of Ultrasound by Human Tissue

Chapter VIII. Acoustic Impedance Profiling (Analytical and Physical Model Study)