Tree Ecology and Preservation

Preface1. Trees in the History of Civilisation2. A brief History of the Evolution of Trees3. The Structure and Functions of Trees — A Brief Morphology and Physiology 3.1. The Trunk 3.2. The Tree Crown 3.3. The Roots — The "underground" Tree 3.4. Aging of Trees4. Trees in their Environment 4.1. Basic Elements 4.1.1. Sunlight as the Source of Energy 4.1.2. Heat Economy (Budget) 4.1.3. Carbon Economy 4.1.4. Water Economy 4.1.5. Mineral Economy 4.1.6. Nitrogen Economy 4.1.7. Mechanical Factors of Environment 4.1.8. Interference of Ecological Factors 4.2. Phytocoenoses 4.3. Trees in the Landscape 4.3.1. Trees in Forests 4.3.2. Trees in Parks 4.3.3. Trees on Traffic Routes 4.4. Trees in the Town 4.4.1. The Ecological Situation 4.4.2. Trees in Physical Planning 4.4.3. Trees in Front Gardens 4.4.4. Roof Gardens 4.4.5. Trees for Visual Protection 4.4.6. Age Distribution of Trees 4.4.7. Domestic Versus Exotic Trees5. The Contributions of Trees to the Ecosystem "Town" 5.1. Peculiarities of the Urban Climate 5.2. Effects of Trees 5.2.1. Reduction of Particulate Pollution 5.2.2. Reduction of Gaseous Pollution 5.2.3. Shelter Belts (Protective Plantation Screens) 5.2.4. Protection Against Radioactivity 5.2.5. Reduction of Temperature 5.2.6. Influence of Trees and Green Spaces on Urban Ventilation 5.2.7. Noise Reduction by Trees and Shrubs 5.2.8. Oxygen Release by Trees in Towns and Forests 5.3. Effects of Trees on Physical and Mental Health6. General Phytopathology7. Tree Preservation 7.1. Why Trees Die 7.2. Standards of Tree Maintenance 7.2.1. Pruning of Trees 7.3. Peeling Bark 7.4. Bridging of Trunk Wounds 7.5. Bracing 7.6. Frost Cracks 7.7. Cabling 7.8. Cavity Treatment Cleaning the Cavities Disinfection Reinforcement of Cavity-Weakened Trees Filling up a Cavity or Not? Open Cavities Filling of Cavities The Use of Polyurethane for Filling of Cavities False Fillings Supporting Structures Tools and Equipment for Tree Surgery 7.9. Protecting Trees Against Damage from Construction Work 7.9.1. Filling up the Root Areas of Trees 7.9.2. Soil Removal 7.9.3. Measures in the Root Zone of Trees 7.9.4. Lowering of Ground Water 7.9.5. Isolating of Single Trees 7.9.6. Overhead Wires 7.9.7. Measures to Protect Trees on Building Sites 7.9.8. Trees on Parking Areas8. Tree Planting and Inspection 8.1. Technique of Tree Planting 8.2. Transplanting Large Trees 8.2.1. Aftercare Following Transplanting 8.3. Anchoring of Trees 8.4. Inspection and Estimation of Trees9. Tree Nutrition 9.1. Fertilizing 9.2. Ground Feeding 9.3. Foliar Feeding 9.4. Soil Improving Agents10. The Use of False-Colour Infrared Photographs in Remote Sensing to Check the Health of Tree Populations 10.1. What will be Observed on the IR Picture? 10.2. Advantages of False Colour IR Photographs 10.3. When to Take Aerial Pictures 10.4. Interpretation of the Photographs 10.5. Drawing up a Tree Register 10.6. Costs of Picture Flights 10.7. Infrared Thermography 10.8. Summary11. Control of Pests and Diseases 11.1. Chemical Pest Control 11.2. Biological Pest Control 11.3. Microbiological Pest Control 11.4. Autocidal Control (Self-Annihilation) 11.5. Integrated Pest Control12. Evaluation of Trees 12.1. The Individual Factors 12.2. Calculation of Partial LossesReferencesIndex