Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Chapter Reviewers:

Chapter 1. A History of Ideas in Ichnology

1 Introduction

2 The Ages of Ichnology

3 From Paleolithic Times to Greco-Roman Antiquity

4 The Age of Naturalists

5 Seventeenth to Eighteenth Century: A Period of Transition

6 The Age of Fucoids

7 Period of Reaction

8 Development of the Modern Approach

9 Modern Era

10 Conclusions and Discussion

References

Chapter 2. Ichnotaxonomy

1 Introduction

2 Observing Trace Fossils

3 Describing Trace Fossils

4 Stratinomic Classifications

5 Biological Classifications

6 Ethological Classification

7 Systematic Classification

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3. Trace-Fossil Systematics

1 Introduction

2 Need of a Robust Ichnotaxonomy and Trace-Fossil Classification

3 A Newly Proposed Nomenclature Key

4 Way Forward

5 Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 4. The Ichnofacies Paradigm

1 Introduction

2 Neoichnological Underpinning of Seilacherian Ichnofacies

3 The Seilacherian Ichnofacies

4 The Role of Seilacherian Ichnofacies

5 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 5. The Ichnofabric Concept

1 Introduction

2 Early Development of the Concept

3 A Controversial Concept?

4 Importance of Ichnofabric

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Sequence Stratigraphy

1 Introduction

2 Overview of Sequence-Stratigraphic Frameworks

3 Ichnological Applications to Sequence Stratigraphy (Case Studies)

4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Ichnostratigraphy

1 Introduction

2 Continental Environments

3 Marginal-Marine Environments

4 Shallow-Marine Environments

5 Deep-Marine Environments

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. Microbioerosion

1 Introduction

2 The Methodological Toolkit

3 Microbioeroding Biota and Their Traces

4 Paleoenvironmental Signatures

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Methodology and Techniques

1 Introduction

2 Field Techniques

3 Laboratory Techniques

4 Borehole Cores and Images

5 Statistical Analysis

6 Computer Modeling

7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Marine Invertebrate Neoichnology

1 Introduction

2 Major Infaunal Groups and their Common Traces

3 Environmental Stresses and their Impact of Neoichnology

4 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Glacial Environments

1 Introduction

2 Ecological and Environmental Constraints in Glacial Settings

3 Trace-Fossil Assemblages from Ancient Glacial Environments

4 Ichnology of Recent Glacial Environments

5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 12. Fluvial Environments

1 Introduction

2 Approach

3 Ichnofacies

4 Application of Ichnofacies and Ichnofabrics to the Interpretation of Fluvial Sedimentary Facies

5 Depositional Environments

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Lacustrine Environments

1 Introduction

2 Ichnology

3 An Integrated Lake-Type Basin and Lacustrine Ichnology Model

4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 14. Eolian Environments

1 Introduction

2 Ichnofacies

3 Depositional Environments

4 Ichnofabrics

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. Rocky Shorelines

1 Introduction

2 Modern Rocky-Shore Habitats and Inhabitants

3 Main Bioerosion Ichnotaxa

4 Trace-Fossil Assemblages and Ichnofacies

5 Case Studies

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Estuaries

1 Introduction

2 The Ichnological Identification of Estuaries

3 Trace Distributions Within Wave- and Tide-Dominated Estuaries

4 Ancient Examples—Trace-Fossil Distribution

5 Discussion

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17. Deltas

1 Introduction

2 Classification of Deltaic Systems

3 Common Deltaic Trace Fossils

4 Controls on Deltaic Ichnology

5 Ichnology of Deltaic End Members

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Tidal Flats and Subtidal Sand Bodies

1 Introduction

2 Supratidal and Intertidal Environments

3 Subtidal Environments

4 Ichnofacies Trends

5 Sequence Stratigraphy

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 19. Shorefaces

1 Introduction

2 Shoreface Subenvironments

3 Shoreface Variability

4 Tidal Effects on the Shoreface

5 Summary

References

Chapter 20. Slopes

1 Introduction

2 The Distribution of Infauna on Slopes: Insights from Modern Basin Margins

3 Ichnofacies in Bathyal Settings

4 Slope Depositional Environments—Case Studies

5 Discussion and Conclusions

References

Chapter 21. Deep-Sea Fans

1 Introduction

2 Classification of Deep-Sea Trace Fossils

3 Pre-Depositional Trace Fossils

4 Post-Depositional Trace Fossils

5 Ichnofacies

6 Trace-Fossil Assemblages

7 Ichnofabrics

8 Ichnology of Carbonate Turbidites

9 Trace Fossils as Indicators of Ecological and Physical Sedimentary Parameters

10 Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy Aspects

11 Evolutionary Aspects

12 Perspectives and Conclusions

References

Chapter 22. Hemipelagic and Pelagic Basin Plains

1 Introduction

2 Ichnology

3 Depositional Environments and Trace Fossils

4 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 23. Shallow-Marine Carbonates

1 Introduction

2 Ichnological Characteristics of Shallow-Marine Carbonate Systems

3 Ichnofacies

4 Case Studies

5 Neoichnological Approaches

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 24. Reefs and Mounds

1 Introduction

2 Traces and Tracemakers of the Reef

3 Reef Ichnology Through Time

4 Environmental Controls on Bioerosion

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 25. Chalk and Related Deep-Marine Carbonates

1 Introduction

2 Zoophycos Ichnofacies

3 Cruziana Ichnofacies

4 Glossifungites Ichnofacies

5 Trypanites Ichnofacies

6 Trace Fossils in Remobilized Substrates

7 Summary

References

Chapter 26. Mixed Siliciclastic/Carbonate Systems

1 Introduction

2 Spatial Variability (Lateral Facies Mixing)

3 Temporal Variability (Stratigraphic Mixing)

4 Shell Debris in Clastic Successions

5 Summary

References

Chapter 27. Porosity and Permeability in Bioturbated Sediments

1 Introduction

2 The Nature of Ichnological Permeability

3 Framework for Assessing Burrow-Associated Permeability

4 Analytical Methods

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 28. Carbonate Aquifers

1 Introduction

2 Methods

3 Application of Ichnology to Aquifer Characterization

4 Conclusions

References

Epilogue

Index