Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine
- 7th Edition - February 3, 2022
- Imprint: Saunders
- Author: Nader Rifai
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 7 5 7 2 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 6 7 - 4
**Textbook and Academic Authors Association (TAA) Textbook Excellence Award Winner, 2024****Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Laboratory Medicine**Use TH… Read more
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**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Laboratory Medicine**
Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Elsevier eBooks+ — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more, all included with print purchase.
- Authoritative, current content helps you perform tests in a cost-effective, timely, and efficient manner; provides expertise in managing clinical laboratory needs; and shows how to be responsive to an ever-changing environment.
- Current guidelines help you select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests.
- Expert, internationally recognized chapter authors present guidelines representing different practices and points of view.
- Analytical criteria focus on the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures.
- Use of standard and international units of measure makes this text appropriate for any user, anywhere in the world.
- Elsevier eBooks+ provides the entire text as a fully searchable eBook, and includes animations, podcasts, more than 1300 clinical case studies, over 2500 multiple-choice questions, a lecture series, and more, all included with print purchase.
Clinical chemists, pathologists, CLS practitioners (market size unknown)
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Textbook Associate Editors
- Textbook Reviewers
- Textbook Contributors
- Multimedia & Educational Resources Associate Editors
- Multimedia & Educational Resources Contributors
- Multimedia & Educational Resources Contents
- Adaptive Learning Editors
- Adaptive Learning Courses Contents
- List of Illustrations
- List of Tables
- Section I. Basics of Laboratory Medicine
- 1. Laboratory medicine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Looking back
- Training in laboratory medicine
- Expanding boundaries defined by technology
- How is laboratory medicine practiced?
- Guiding principles of practicing the profession
- What is in this textbook?
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 2. Statistical methodologies in laboratory medicine
- Abstract
- Assay selection overview
- Basic statistics
- Technical validity of analytical assays
- Qualitative methods
- Assay comparison
- Monitoring serial results
- Traceability and measurement uncertainty
- Diagnostic accuracy of laboratory testsa
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 3. Governance, risk, and quality management in the medical laboratory
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical governance, benchmarking, and risk management
- Quality management systems
- Approaches to quality management
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 4. Specimen collection and processing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Patient identification
- Types of specimens
- Handling of specimens for analysis
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 5. Preanalytical variation and pre-examination processes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Influencing factors
- Interference factors
- Specific considerations
- Management of the quality of the preanalytical phase
- Multiple choice questions
- Suggested reading
- References
- 6. Quality control of the analytical examination process
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Measurement procedure performance as a prerequisite for a quality control plan
- Developing a quality control plan and implementing quality control procedures
- Using patient data in quality control procedures
- External quality assessment or proficiency testing
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 7. Standardization and harmonization of analytical examination results
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Metrological traceability to a reference system
- The joint committee for traceability in laboratory medicine
- Commutability of a reference material with patients’ samples
- Verifying metrological traceability of an end-user measurement procedure to a higher-order reference system
- The role of external quality assessment or proficiency testing in surveillance for standardization/harmonization
- Harmonization of other path of workflow areas in laboratory medicine
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 8. Biological variation and analytical performance specifications
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Generation of data on components of biological variation
- Quality of available biological variation data
- Interpretation and use of data
- Analytical performance specifications
- Overall conclusions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 9. Establishment and use of reference intervals
- Abstract
- Concept of reference limits
- Selection of reference individuals
- Specimen collection
- Analytical procedures and quality control
- Statistical treatment of reference values
- Transferability of reference limits from other sources
- Process of selecting reference intervals
- Presentation of an observed value in relation to reference values
- Additional topics
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 10. Evidence-based laboratory medicine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The evidence-based medicine process
- Evaluation of diagnostic tests
- Evidence synthesis
- Other purposes of testing
- From evidence to action
- The history and the future of EBLM
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 11. Biobanking
- Abstract
- Introduction and historical perspective
- Best practices in biobanking
- Biobank administration
- Ethical, legal, and social issues and policy
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 12. Laboratory support of pharmaceutical, in vitro diagnostics, and epidemiologic studies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pharmaceutical studies
- In vitro diagnostic studies
- In vitro diagnostic studies in the United States
- In vitro diagnostic studies in the European Union
- Epidemiologic studies
- Pharmaceutical substudies
- Other considerations
- Summary
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 13. Machine learning and big data in laboratory medicine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Data sources
- Training and validation
- Common machine learning algorithms
- Additional principles and limitations of machine learning
- Computational infrastructure
- Regulatory environment
- Applications
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 14. Laboratory stewardship and test utilization
- Abstract
- Introduction and historical perspective
- Causes of overutilization and underutilization
- The laboratory stewardship/test utilization committee
- Project life cycle
- Interventional strategies
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 15. Principles of basic techniques and laboratory safety
- Abstract
- Concept of solute and solvent
- Units of measurement
- Chemicals
- Reference materials
- Basic techniques and procedures
- Safety
- Laboratory safety assessment tools and techniques
- Medical and microbiological safety measures
- Environmental, chemical, radiation, and relevant safety measures
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section II. Analytical Techniques
- 16. Optical techniques
- Abstract
- Nature of light
- Spectrophotometry
- Reflectance photometry
- Flame emission, inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy
- Fluorometry
- Phosphorescence
- Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence
- Nephelometry and turbidimetry
- Multiple choice questions
- References
- 17. Electrochemistry and chemical sensors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes
- Voltammetry and/or amperometry
- Conductometry
- Coulometry
- Optical chemical sensors
- Biosensors
- Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology
- In vivo and minimally invasive sensors
- Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors
- Future trends
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 18. Electrophoresis
- Abstract
- Basic concepts and definitions
- Theory of electrophoresis
- Clinical electrophoresis
- Specialty electrophoresis techniques
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 19. Chromatography
- Abstract
- Basic principles of chromatography
- Gas chromatography
- Liquid chromatography
- Other chromatographic methods
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 20. Mass spectrometry
- Abstract
- Basic concepts and definitions
- Instrumentation
- Ambient ionization
- Tandem mass spectrometers
- Clinical applications
- Optimization of instrument conditions
- Ion suppression
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 21. Sample preparation for mass spectrometry
- Abstract
- Background
- General techniques
- Separation techniques
- Precipitation techniques
- Enrichment techniques
- Extraction techniques
- Chromatographic techniques
- Evolving techniques
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 22. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applications in infectious diseases
- Abstract
- Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- Analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry data
- Conclusions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 23. Development and validation of small molecule analytes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Abstract
- Practical considerations for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assays
- Sample preparation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 24. Proteomics
- Abstract
- Historical perspective
- Biomarker pipeline
- Bottom-up targeted proteomics
- Top-down proteomics
- Preanalytical and other technical considerations
- Conclusions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 25. Enzyme and rate analysis
- Abstract
- Basic principles
- Enzyme kinetics
- Analytical enzymology
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 26. Immunochemical techniques
- Abstract
- Basic concepts
- Antigen-antibody binding
- Qualitative methods
- Quantitative methods
- Cell-based and tissue-based immunochemical techniques
- Nonantibody binding agents
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 27. Microfabrication and microfluidics and their application in clinical diagnostics
- Abstract
- Microdevice fabrication
- Polymeric materials
- Separation and detection of clinically relevant analytes
- Sample preparation and integration
- Manipulating cells
- Pathogen detection
- Proteins
- Limitations of microfluidic systems
- Future of microfluidics in clinical diagnostics
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 28. Cytometry
- Abstract
- Introduction: Planet cytometry and its inhabitants
- Cytometry and cytometers: A broad spectrum
- Cells and apparatus: Finding the words
- Cells: Getting to relevance
- From microscopy to cytometry, with help from einstein
- Triggering: Making sure the cell is there
- Cytometric data: Taking the first bytes
- Side (scatter) excursion: The flow cytometer body plan
- Monoclonal antibodies, AIDS, and multiparameter cytometry
- The cytometric present: Too many choices?
- Mass cytometry: How bright versus how heavy?
- Imaging flow cytometry: Cellular paparazzi
- Molecular analysis of single cells: More data than you could ever want
- Getting what you need: Rational choice of parameters and probes
- Detectors and signal processing for flow cytometry
- Assessment of cytometric detector performance
- Going without the flow: Where imaging makes sense
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 29. Automation in the clinical laboratory
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nonanalytical automation for the clinical laboratory
- Practical considerations
- Automation of the analytical processes
- Areas of analytical automation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 30. Point-of-care testing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Technology aspects
- Quality management
- Evidence of effectiveness
- Adoption and implementation
- Conclusions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section III. Clinical Chemistry-Analytes
- 31. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Amino acids
- Peptides
- Gastrointestinal peptide hormones
- Proteins
- Intrathecal protein synthesis
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 32. Serum enzymes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Diagnostic enzymology
- Muscle enzymes
- Liver enzymes
- Pancreatic enzymes
- Bone enzymes
- Miscellaneous enzymes
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 33. Tumor markers
- Abstract
- Cancer: An overview
- Historical background
- General principles guiding the use of all tumor markers
- Quality requirements for tumor marker use in the clinic
- Conclusion
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 34. Kidney function tests
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Urine analysis
- Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Total protein and albumin
- Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Other urinary proteins
- Creatinine
- Cystatin C
- Urea
- Uric acid (urate)
- Measurement of urinary metabolites related to kidney stone formation
- Assessment of kidney function: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate
- Acknowledgements
- Multiple choice questions (please indicate the “best” response)
- Selected references
- References
- 35. Carbohydrates
- Abstract
- Chemistry of carbohydrates
- Metabolism of carbohydrates
- Hypoglycemia
- Determination of glucose in body fluids
- Lactate and pyruvate
- Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
- Glycogen storage disease
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 36. Lipids and lipoproteins
- Abstract
- Historical perspective
- Lipids
- Lipoproteins
- Reference lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations
- Clinical significance of lipids and lipoproteins
- Screening for and diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders
- Management of lipoprotein disorders:
- Measurement of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins
- Other cardiac risk factors
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 37. Electrolytes and blood gases
- Abstract
- Electrolytes
- Sweat chloride
- Blood gases and pH
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 38. Hormones
- Abstract
- Background
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 39. Vitamins and trace elements
- Abstract
- Historical perspective
- Vitamin and trace element status
- General considerations in the analyses of vitamins
- Free radicals and antioxidants
- Vitamins
- Special cases for vitamin and trace element measurement
- Trace elements
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 40. Iron metabolism
- Abstract
- Iron
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 41. Porphyrins and the porphyrias
- Abstract
- Historical perspective
- Porphyrin chemistry
- Heme biosynthesis
- Regulation of heme biosynthesis
- Function of heme
- Excretion of heme precursors
- Porphyrias
- Laboratory diagnosis of porphyria
- Laboratory analysis
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 42. Therapeutic drugs and their management
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fundamental principles of applied pharmacokinetics
- Characterizing drug exposure with minimal assumptions: The noncompartmental analysis of concentration data over time
- Predicting drug concentrations using a compartmental model
- General considerations for the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring
- Therapeutic drug monitoring of specific drugs in common clinical use
- Summary and conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 43. Clinical toxicology
- Abstract
- Basic information
- Ancillary tests
- Screening procedures for detection of drugs
- Pharmacology and analysis of specific drugs and toxic agents
- Acknowledgements
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 44. Toxic elements
- Abstract
- Introduction to toxic elements
- Classification of toxic elements
- Prevalence of elemental toxicities
- Diagnosing and monitoring for elemental toxicity
- Treatments for elemental toxicities
- Overview of analytical techniques
- Specific elements
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 45. Body fluids
- Abstract
- Background information
- Specimen acquisition
- Specimen containers, transport, and processing
- Body fluids and clinical laboratory testing
- Conclusions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section IV. Clinical Chemistry-Pathophysiology
- 46. Nutrition: Laboratory and clinical aspects
- Abstract
- Introduction: The scope of clinical nutrition
- Nutrient requirements
- A classification of nutrients
- Macronutrients
- Vitamins
- Inorganic micronutrients
- The assessment of nutritional status
- Nutrition support
- Obesity
- Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
- Other aspects of clinical nutrition
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 47. Diabetes mellitus
- Abstract
- Classification
- Hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration
- Clinical utility of measuring insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and glucagon
- Methods for the measurement of specific hormones
- Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Diagnosis
- Gestational diabetes mellitus
- Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
- Role of the clinical laboratory in diabetes mellitus
- Self-monitoring of blood glucose
- Continuous glucose monitoring
- Ketone bodies
- Glycated proteins
- 1,5-Anhydroglucitol
- Albuminuria
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 48. Cardiac function
- Abstract
- Basic anatomy
- Physiology
- Cardiac disease
- Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome
- Other causes of acute cardiac troponin elevation in the absence of acute ischemic heart disease
- Congestive heart failure
- Analytical considerations of biomarkers assays in heart failure
- Biomarkers of interest (although they are not currently used routinely)
- Myeloperoxidase
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 49. Kidney disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Kidney function and physiology
- Glomerular and tubular protein handling
- Pathophysiology of kidney disease
- Diseases of the kidney
- Renal replacement therapy
- Acknowledgements
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 50. Disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid-base metabolism
- Abstract
- Total body water: Volume and distribution
- Water and electrolytes: Composition of body fluids
- Acid-base physiology
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 51. Liver disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy of the liver
- Biochemical functions of the liver
- Clinical manifestations of liver disease
- Diseases of the liver
- Diagnostic strategy
- Liver transplantation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 52. Gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic function
- Abstract
- Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
- Phases of digestion
- Stomach: Diseases and laboratory investigations
- Intestinal disorders and their laboratory investigation
- Pancreas: Disease and assessment of exocrine pancreatic function
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 53. Monoamine-producing tumors
- Abstract
- Peripheral monoamine systems
- Neuroblastoma
- Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
- Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- Peripheral monoamine systems
- Neuroblastoma
- Pheochromocytoma
- Gastroenteropancreatic neuroeendocrine tumors
- References
- 54. Bone and mineral metabolism
- Abstract
- Overview of skeletal metabolism
- Biochemical measurements in metabolic bone disease
- Phosphate
- Magnesium
- Hormones regulating bone and mineral metabolism
- Fibroblast growth factor 23
- Calcitonin
- Sclerostin
- Summary of integrated control of mineral metabolism
- Biochemical markers of bone turnover
- Metabolic bone diseases
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 55. Pituitary function and pathophysiology
- Abstract
- Anatomy
- Pituitary embryology
- Hypothalamic regulation
- Summary of pituitary-related disorders
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 56. Adrenal cortex
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Adrenal anatomy and physiology
- Regulation of adrenocortical hormones
- Adrenocortical insufficiency
- Disorders producing excess adrenocortical hormones
- Laboratory investigation of adrenocortical dysfunction
- Analytical methods
- Summary
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 57. Thyroid disorders
- Abstract
- Historical landmarks
- Anatomy
- Thyroid hormones
- Iodine
- Extrathyroidal factors that affect thyroid function
- Thyroid disease
- Genetics
- Evaluation of thyroid function
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 58. Reproductive endocrinology and related disorders
- Abstract
- Male reproductive biology
- Female reproductive biology
- Infertility
- Analytical methods for reproductive hormones
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 59. Pregnancy and its disorders
- Abstract
- Human pregnancy
- Maternal and fetal health assessment
- Complications of pregnancy
- Prenatal screening for fetal defects
- Laboratory tests
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section V. Genetic Metabolic Disorders
- 60. Newborn screening and inborn errors of metabolism
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inborn errors of metabolism: Clinical presentation
- Inborn errors of metabolism: Diagnosis
- Prenatal diagnosis
- Newborn screening
- Evaluation of symptomatic patients
- Postmortem screening
- Biochemical genetics tests: Analytical considerations
- Disorders of amino acid metabolism
- Organic acidemias
- Disorders of the carnitine cycle and fatty acid oxidation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 61. Inborn errors of metabolism: Disorders of complex molecules
- Abstract
- Lysosomal storage disorders
- Peroxisomal disorders
- Congenital disorders of glycosylation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section VI. Molecular Diagnostics
- 62. Principles of molecular biology
- Abstract
- Historical developments in genetics and molecular biology
- Molecular biology essentials
- Nucleic acid structure and function
- Central dogma of molecular biology
- Epigenetics
- Understanding our genome
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 63. Nucleic acid isolation
- Abstract
- History of nucleic acid isolation tools
- Steps involved in na isolation
- Nucleic acid quality and quantity
- Methods to measure nucleic acid quality and quantity
- Impact of sample complexity on nucleic acid preparation
- Specific applications
- Oncology
- Summary of common methods
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 64. Nucleic acid techniques
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nucleic acid preparation
- Amplification techniques
- Detection techniques
- Discrimination techniques
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 65. Genomes, variants, and massively parallel methods
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Human genome
- Nonhuman genomes
- DNA that codes for RNA but not protein
- Variation in the human genome
- Encode project
- Nomenclature
- Variant databases
- Massively parallel methods
- Nucleic acid microarrays
- Applications enabled by massively parallel sequencing
- Informatics
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 66. Clinical genome sequencing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Special considerations that apply to clinical genomic sequencing (cGS)
- Reporting
- Limitations
- Current challenges
- Opportunities
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 67. Molecular microbiology
- Abstract
- Introduction and historical perspective
- Overview of methodologies
- Probe hybridization
- Liquid-phase hybridization
- Solid-phase hybridization
- In situ hybridization
- Hybridization arrays
- Target nucleic acid amplification strategies
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction
- Digital polymerase chain reaction
- Non–polymerase chain reaction target and signal amplification approaches
- Signal amplification techniques
- Non–polymerase chain reaction target amplification
- Sequencing
- Mass spectrometry
- Health care–associated infections
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
- Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
- β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacilli
- Syndromic panels
- Pneumonia panels
- Emerging technologies
- Cell-free nucleic acid for microbial identification
- Gene expression analysis (transcriptomics)
- Host protein signature (proteomics)
- CRISPR-CAS applications
- Summary and future directions
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 68. Genetics
- Abstract
- Diseases with mendelian inheritance
- Mitochondrial DNA diseases
- Imprinting
- Expanded carrier screening
- Massively parallel sequencing
- Noninvasive prenatal testing
- Whole-exome sequencing
- Cytogenomics
- Reporting of test results
- Laboratory regulation
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 69. Solid tumors
- Abstract
- Considerations for solid tumor genomics
- Genomic analysis of solid tumors
- MPS of solid tumor samples
- Interpreting somatic alterations in a clinical context
- Summary and concluding remarks
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 70. Hematopathology
- Abstract
- Recurrent translocations and structural chromosomal abnormalities
- Gene mutations in hematopoietic malignancies
- Role of genetic regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic malignancies
- Clonality testing in hematopoietic malignancies
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 71. Circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acids in oncology
- Abstract
- Circulating tumor cells
- Circulating tumor DNA
- ctDNA historical background
- Combined discussion of circulating tumor cells and ctDNA
- Conclusions
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 72. Circulating nucleic acids for prenatal diagnostics
- Abstract
- Brief overview of the early developments of prenatal genetic diagnostics
- Strategies to mitigate risks of invasive prenatal diagnosis
- Noninvasive fetal DNA analysis
- The biology of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma
- Diagnostic applications of circulating cffDNA
- Noninvasive fetal “omics”
- Analytical aspects
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 73. Pharmacogenetics
- Abstract
- Principles of pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacogenes
- Thiopurine s-methyltransferase and nudix hydrolase 15 (TPMT and NUDT15)
- MU-opioid receptor (OPRM1)
- Clinical applications
- Future directions
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section VII. Hematology and Coagulation
- 74. Automated hematology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Red blood cells
- Reticulocytes
- Reticulocyte parameters
- Platelets
- Platelet parameters
- Methods
- Sources of error in automated hematology instruments
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 75. Leukocyte morphology in blood and bone marrow
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Peripheral blood and bone marrow preparations
- Normal ranges of leukocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow
- Introduction to myeloid cells
- Neutrophils and precursors
- Eosinophils, basophils, and precursors
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes and plasma cells
- Special cell types
- Multiple choice questions:
- Selected references
- References
- 76. Red blood cell morphology and indices: The clinical chemistry interface
- Abstract
- Automated blood counting instruments: Historical perspective
- Peripheral blood smear chemistry–related changes: Alterations in blood analytes associated with or causing blood count and smear abnormalities
- Clinical chemistry laboratory testing to establish the cause of anemia
- Interferences
- Acknowledgments
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 77. Hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies
- Abstract
- Biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of hemoglobin
- Thalassemia syndromes
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Analytical methods
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 78. Enzymes of the red blood cell
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The embden-meyerhof pathway
- Hexose monophosphate pathway
- 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44)
- Rapoport-luebering shunt
- Glutathione pathway
- Purine-pyrimidine metabolism
- Methemoglobin reduction
- Detection of hereditary red cell enzyme deficiencies
- Methods
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 79. Physiology of hemostasis
- Abstract
- Hemostasis
- Platelets
- von Willebrand factor
- Plasma components
- Coagulation
- Regulation of coagulation
- Fibrinolysis
- Blood vessels and endothelium
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 80. Platelets and von Willebrand factor
- Abstract
- Test methods for evaluation of platelets
- Clinical application of tests for platelet disorders
- Test methods for evaluation of von Willebrand factor
- Clinical application of tests for von Willebrand disease and acquired von Willebrand syndrome
- Thrombotic disorders due to platelet activation
- Multiple choice questions
- Slected references
- References
- 81. Coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis
- Abstract
- General considerations for coagulation testing
- Test methods for coagulation
- Clinical application of laboratory tests for coagulation disorders
- Test methods and their clinical application for fibrinolysis
- Thrombosis
- Test methods and their clinical application for thrombotic risk
- Thrombophilia testing
- Monitoring anticoagulant therapy
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section VIII. Microbiology
- 82. Introduction to infectious diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Bloodstream and endovascular infections
- Central nervous system infections
- Eye infections
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal infections
- Genitourinary tract infections
- Bone and joint infections
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Multi-systemic infections
- Congenital infections
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 83. The role of the clinical laboratory in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Roles and objectives of key stakeholders
- Clinical laboratory role for ASP
- Clinical laboratory role for IPC
- Workflow and communication between the laboratory, infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship program
- Laboratory diagnostic methods to support infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship program
- Karius test
- Septifast
- Summary of rapid bloodstream infection identification
- Summary for other multiplex syndromic panels
- mecA, vanA, and vanB
- Carbapenemase genes
- Antimicrobial susceptibility testing considerations
- Biomarkers
- Screening tests for infection prevention and control
- Translating microbiological results into clinical impact
- Diagnostic stewardship
- Summary
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 84. Bacteriology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Overview of the laboratory’s role in the diagnosis of bacterial infections
- Methods of organism identification
- Postanalytical considerations
- Clinical syndromes
- Summary
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 85. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Key antibacterial agents used in clinical practice
- Performance of the antimicrobial susceptibility test
- Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for key bacterial pathogens
- Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for mycobacteria and aerobic actinomycetes
- Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for fungi
- Susceptibility testing of yeast
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 86. Mycobacteriology
- Abstract
- Introduction and overview of mycobacteria
- Classification of mycobacteria and clinical significance
- Laboratory methods
- Conclusions and future diagnostic developments
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 87. Mycology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fungal taxonomy and nomenclature
- Epidemiology of fungal infections
- Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections: Introduction
- Laboratory diagnosis: Preanalytical phase
- Laboratory diagnosis: Analytical phase
- Laboratory diagnosis: Postanalytical phase
- Antifungal agents and therapeutic drug monitoring
- Introduction to fungal infections
- Bloodstream infections and endocarditis
- Respiratory tract infections
- Central nervous system infections
- Bone and joint infections
- Intra-abdominal infections
- Gastrointestinal infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Genital infections
- Eye infections
- Ear infections
- Skin, hair, and nail infections
- Subcutaneous infections
- Microsporidiosis and rare infections
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 88. Parasitology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Parasite classification and taxonomy
- Laboratory methods
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis of parasitic infections
- Blood and tissue protozoa
- Intestinal and urogenital protozoa
- Intestinal helminths
- Miscellaneous uncommon cestodes
- Blood and tissue helminths
- Medically important arthropods
- Delusional parasitosis
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 89. Virology
- Abstract
- Introduction and historical perspective
- Viral infections of the respiratory tract
- Viral infections in immunocompromised populations
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Viral infections of the central nervous system
- Arthropod borne viruses associated with fever and rash
- Viral gastroenteritis
- Viral hepatitis
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers
- Re-emerging vaccine-preventable viral illness
- Summary and conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected References
- References
- Section IX. Transfusion Medicine
- 90. Blood group systems and pretransfusion testing
- Abstract
- Blood group systems
- Pretransfusion testing
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 91. Blood components, product modifications, and blood donor screening
- Abstract
- Volunteer blood donation
- Ensuring the safety of blood components
- Reducing infectious risks of transfusion
- Viral agents
- Parasitic diseases
- Bacterial contamination
- Pathogen inactivation
- Reducing noninfectious risks
- Donor reactions and complications
- Autologous donation
- Directed donations
- Whole blood collection and component manufacturing
- Red cell storage lesion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 92. Indications for transfusion: RBCs, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate
- Abstract
- Blood transfusion practices
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 93. Transfusion reactions and adverse events associated with transfusion
- Abstract
- Classification and tracking transfusion reactions
- Acute transfusion reactions
- Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
- Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
- Allergic and anaphylactic transfusion reactions
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury
- Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
- Transfusion-associated sepsis
- Hypotensive transfusion reactions
- Delayed transfusion reactions
- Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
- Post-transfusion purpura
- Other transfusion related adverse events
- Donor considerations
- Multiple-choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Section X. Clinical Immunology
- 94. Systemic autoimmune disease
- Abstract
- Introduction to systemic autoimmunity
- Antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic diseases
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Vasculitis
- Summary
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 95. Transplant, solid organ
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Immunobiology of allotransplantation and barriers
- Immunosuppression in transplantation—the past, present, and future
- Solid organ-specific challenges
- Outcomes in organ transplantation
- Complications in transplantation
- Future transplant practice
- Summary
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 96. Hematopoietic cell transplantation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Donor selection
- Graft sources
- Conditioning
- Graft-versus-host disease
- Acute graft-versus-host disease
- Chronic graft-versus-host disease
- Infectious complications
- Noninfectious complications
- Late effects
- Conclusion
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 97. Transplant compatibility testing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Human leukocyte antigen structure and properties
- Looking to the future of human leukocyte antigen testing
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 98. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and immunogenicity
- Abstract
- Biology of antibodies
- Therapeutic antibodies
- The use of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in clinical medicine
- Clinical laboratory testing for tumor necrosis factor antagonists
- Test guided strategy in tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment
- Clinical laboratory testing interference by monoclonal antibody therapeutics
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 99. Allergy testing
- Abstract
- Atopy, sensitization, and allergy
- Hypersensitivity reactions and classification
- Cells involved with allergy
- Th1 versus Th2 immune response
- Fetal origins of allergy
- Biology of immunoglobulin E
- Immunoglobulin E receptors
- Relationship between immunoglobulin E and allergic disease
- Allergy tests
- Allergen and component nomenclature
- Allergy component testing
- Food allergy
- Food allergies resulting from immunologic cross-reactivity with inhalant allergens
- Ocular allergy
- Occupational allergy
- Latex allergy
- Pet allergy
- Rodent (mouse and rat) allergy
- Pollen allergy
- Red meat allergy
- Non–immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy
- Mixed immunoglobulin E– and non–immunoglobulin E–mediated reactions
- Allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Rhinitis
- Urticaria (hives)
- Urticaria associated with vasculitis/immune complex
- Hereditary angioedema and acquired angioedema
- Management of allergic disease during pregnancy
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- 100. Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Group 1. Combined immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity
- Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—DiGeorge syndrome
- Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Group 3. Antibody deficiencies—common variable immunodeficiency
- Group 4. Diseases of immune dysregulation—autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
- Group 5. Phagocytic defects—chronic granulomatous disease
- Group 6. Defects of innate immunity
- Group 7. Autoinflammatory conditions
- Group 8. Complement deficiencies
- Group 9. Bone marrow failure syndromes—dyskeratosis congenita
- Group 10. Phenocopies of primary immunodeficiencies
- Multiple choice questions
- Selected references
- References
- Appendix A: Reference information for the clinical laboratory
- Appendix B: Answers to multiple choice questions
- Index
- Edition: 7
- Published: February 3, 2022
- Imprint: Saunders
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323775724
- eBook ISBN: 9780323834674
NR
Nader Rifai
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Department of Pathology Harvard Medical School; The Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac Chair in Laboratory Medicine Boston Children's Hospital; Director of Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts