Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine

7th Edition - February 3, 2022

Author: Nader Rifai

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 7 5 7 2 - 4

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 6 7 - 4

Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform,… Read more

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Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Expert Consult — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, regular content updates, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Textbook Associate Editors
Textbook Reviewers
Textbook Contributors
Multimedia & Educational Resources Associate Editors
Multimedia & Educational Resources Contributors
Multimedia & Educational Resources Contents
Adaptive Learning Editors
Adaptive Learning Courses Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Section I. Basics of Laboratory Medicine
1. Laboratory medicine
Abstract
Introduction
Looking back
Training in laboratory medicine
Expanding boundaries defined by technology
How is laboratory medicine practiced?
Guiding principles of practicing the profession
What is in this textbook?
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
2. Statistical methodologies in laboratory medicine
Abstract
Assay selection overview
Basic statistics
Technical validity of analytical assays
Qualitative methods
Assay comparison
Monitoring serial results
Traceability and measurement uncertainty
Diagnostic accuracy of laboratory testsa
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
3. Governance, risk, and quality management in the medical laboratory
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical governance, benchmarking, and risk management
Quality management systems
Approaches to quality management
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
4. Specimen collection and processing
Abstract
Introduction
Patient identification
Types of specimens
Handling of specimens for analysis
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
5. Preanalytical variation and pre-examination processes
Abstract
Introduction
Influencing factors
Interference factors
Specific considerations
Management of the quality of the preanalytical phase
Multiple choice questions
Suggested reading
References
6. Quality control of the analytical examination process
Abstract
Introduction
Measurement procedure performance as a prerequisite for a quality control plan
Developing a quality control plan and implementing quality control procedures
Using patient data in quality control procedures
External quality assessment or proficiency testing
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
7. Standardization and harmonization of analytical examination results
Abstract
Introduction
Metrological traceability to a reference system
The joint committee for traceability in laboratory medicine
Commutability of a reference material with patients’ samples
Verifying metrological traceability of an end-user measurement procedure to a higher-order reference system
The role of external quality assessment or proficiency testing in surveillance for standardization/harmonization
Harmonization of other path of workflow areas in laboratory medicine
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
8. Biological variation and analytical performance specifications
Abstract
Introduction
Generation of data on components of biological variation
Quality of available biological variation data
Interpretation and use of data
Analytical performance specifications
Overall conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
9. Establishment and use of reference intervals
Abstract
Concept of reference limits
Selection of reference individuals
Specimen collection
Analytical procedures and quality control
Statistical treatment of reference values
Transferability of reference limits from other sources
Process of selecting reference intervals
Presentation of an observed value in relation to reference values
Additional topics
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
10. Evidence-based laboratory medicine
Abstract
Introduction
The evidence-based medicine process
Evaluation of diagnostic tests
Evidence synthesis
Other purposes of testing
From evidence to action
The history and the future of EBLM
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
11. Biobanking
Abstract
Introduction and historical perspective
Best practices in biobanking
Biobank administration
Ethical, legal, and social issues and policy
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
12. Laboratory support of pharmaceutical, in vitro diagnostics, and epidemiologic studies
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmaceutical studies
In vitro diagnostic studies
In vitro diagnostic studies in the United States
In vitro diagnostic studies in the European Union
Epidemiologic studies
Pharmaceutical substudies
Other considerations
Summary
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
13. Machine learning and big data in laboratory medicine
Abstract
Introduction
Data sources
Training and validation
Common machine learning algorithms
Additional principles and limitations of machine learning
Computational infrastructure
Regulatory environment
Applications
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
14. Laboratory stewardship and test utilization
Abstract
Introduction and historical perspective
Causes of overutilization and underutilization
The laboratory stewardship/test utilization committee
Project life cycle
Interventional strategies
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
15. Principles of basic techniques and laboratory safety
Abstract
Concept of solute and solvent
Units of measurement
Chemicals
Reference materials
Basic techniques and procedures
Safety
Laboratory safety assessment tools and techniques
Medical and microbiological safety measures
Environmental, chemical, radiation, and relevant safety measures
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section II. Analytical Techniques
16. Optical techniques
Abstract
Nature of light
Spectrophotometry
Reflectance photometry
Flame emission, inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy
Fluorometry
Phosphorescence
Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence
Nephelometry and turbidimetry
Multiple choice questions
References
17. Electrochemistry and chemical sensors
Abstract
Introduction
Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes
Voltammetry and/or amperometry
Conductometry
Coulometry
Optical chemical sensors
Biosensors
Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology
In vivo and minimally invasive sensors
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors
Future trends
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
18. Electrophoresis
Abstract
Basic concepts and definitions
Theory of electrophoresis
Clinical electrophoresis
Specialty electrophoresis techniques
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
19. Chromatography
Abstract
Basic principles of chromatography
Gas chromatography
Liquid chromatography
Other chromatographic methods
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
20. Mass spectrometry
Abstract
Basic concepts and definitions
Instrumentation
Ambient ionization
Tandem mass spectrometers
Clinical applications
Optimization of instrument conditions
Ion suppression
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
21. Sample preparation for mass spectrometry
Abstract
Background
General techniques
Separation techniques
Precipitation techniques
Enrichment techniques
Extraction techniques
Chromatographic techniques
Evolving techniques
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
22. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applications in infectious diseases
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry data
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
23. Development and validation of small molecule analytes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Abstract
Practical considerations for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assays
Sample preparation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
24. Proteomics
Abstract
Historical perspective
Biomarker pipeline
Bottom-up targeted proteomics
Top-down proteomics
Preanalytical and other technical considerations
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
25. Enzyme and rate analysis
Abstract
Basic principles
Enzyme kinetics
Analytical enzymology
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
26. Immunochemical techniques
Abstract
Basic concepts
Antigen-antibody binding
Qualitative methods
Quantitative methods
Cell-based and tissue-based immunochemical techniques
Nonantibody binding agents
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
27. Microfabrication and microfluidics and their application in clinical diagnostics
Abstract
Microdevice fabrication
Polymeric materials
Separation and detection of clinically relevant analytes
Sample preparation and integration
Manipulating cells
Pathogen detection
Proteins
Limitations of microfluidic systems
Future of microfluidics in clinical diagnostics
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
28. Cytometry
Abstract
Introduction: Planet cytometry and its inhabitants
Cytometry and cytometers: A broad spectrum
Cells and apparatus: Finding the words
Cells: Getting to relevance
From microscopy to cytometry, with help from einstein
Triggering: Making sure the cell is there
Cytometric data: Taking the first bytes
Side (scatter) excursion: The flow cytometer body plan
Monoclonal antibodies, AIDS, and multiparameter cytometry
The cytometric present: Too many choices?
Mass cytometry: How bright versus how heavy?
Imaging flow cytometry: Cellular paparazzi
Molecular analysis of single cells: More data than you could ever want
Getting what you need: Rational choice of parameters and probes
Detectors and signal processing for flow cytometry
Assessment of cytometric detector performance
Going without the flow: Where imaging makes sense
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
29. Automation in the clinical laboratory
Abstract
Introduction
Nonanalytical automation for the clinical laboratory
Practical considerations
Automation of the analytical processes
Areas of analytical automation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
30. Point-of-care testing
Abstract
Introduction
Technology aspects
Quality management
Evidence of effectiveness
Adoption and implementation
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section III. Clinical Chemistry-Analytes
31. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins
Abstract
Introduction
Amino acids
Peptides
Gastrointestinal peptide hormones
Proteins
Intrathecal protein synthesis
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
32. Serum enzymes
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnostic enzymology
Muscle enzymes
Liver enzymes
Pancreatic enzymes
Bone enzymes
Miscellaneous enzymes
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
33. Tumor markers
Abstract
Cancer: An overview
Historical background
General principles guiding the use of all tumor markers
Quality requirements for tumor marker use in the clinic
Conclusion
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
34. Kidney function tests
Abstract
Introduction
Urine analysis
Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Total protein and albumin
Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Other urinary proteins
Creatinine
Cystatin C
Urea
Uric acid (urate)
Measurement of urinary metabolites related to kidney stone formation
Assessment of kidney function: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate
Acknowledgements
Multiple choice questions (please indicate the “best” response)
Selected references
References
35. Carbohydrates
Abstract
Chemistry of carbohydrates
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Hypoglycemia
Determination of glucose in body fluids
Lactate and pyruvate
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogen storage disease
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
36. Lipids and lipoproteins
Abstract
Historical perspective
Lipids
Lipoproteins
Reference lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations
Clinical significance of lipids and lipoproteins
Screening for and diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders
Management of lipoprotein disorders:
Measurement of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins
Other cardiac risk factors
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
37. Electrolytes and blood gases
Abstract
Electrolytes
Sweat chloride
Blood gases and pH
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
38. Hormones
Abstract
Background
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
39. Vitamins and trace elements
Abstract
Historical perspective
Vitamin and trace element status
General considerations in the analyses of vitamins
Free radicals and antioxidants
Vitamins
Special cases for vitamin and trace element measurement
Trace elements
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
40. Iron metabolism
Abstract
Iron
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
41. Porphyrins and the porphyrias
Abstract
Historical perspective
Porphyrin chemistry
Heme biosynthesis
Regulation of heme biosynthesis
Function of heme
Excretion of heme precursors
Porphyrias
Laboratory diagnosis of porphyria
Laboratory analysis
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
42. Therapeutic drugs and their management
Abstract
Introduction
Fundamental principles of applied pharmacokinetics
Characterizing drug exposure with minimal assumptions: The noncompartmental analysis of concentration data over time
Predicting drug concentrations using a compartmental model
General considerations for the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring
Therapeutic drug monitoring of specific drugs in common clinical use
Summary and conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
43. Clinical toxicology
Abstract
Basic information
Ancillary tests
Screening procedures for detection of drugs
Pharmacology and analysis of specific drugs and toxic agents
Acknowledgements
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
44. Toxic elements
Abstract
Introduction to toxic elements
Classification of toxic elements
Prevalence of elemental toxicities
Diagnosing and monitoring for elemental toxicity
Treatments for elemental toxicities
Overview of analytical techniques
Specific elements
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
45. Body fluids
Abstract
Background information
Specimen acquisition
Specimen containers, transport, and processing
Body fluids and clinical laboratory testing
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section IV. Clinical Chemistry-Pathophysiology
46. Nutrition: Laboratory and clinical aspects
Abstract
Introduction: The scope of clinical nutrition
Nutrient requirements
A classification of nutrients
Macronutrients
Vitamins
Inorganic micronutrients
The assessment of nutritional status
Nutrition support
Obesity
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Other aspects of clinical nutrition
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
47. Diabetes mellitus
Abstract
Classification
Hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration
Clinical utility of measuring insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and glucagon
Methods for the measurement of specific hormones
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diagnosis
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
Role of the clinical laboratory in diabetes mellitus
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
Continuous glucose monitoring
Ketone bodies
Glycated proteins
1,5-Anhydroglucitol
Albuminuria
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
48. Cardiac function
Abstract
Basic anatomy
Physiology
Cardiac disease
Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome
Other causes of acute cardiac troponin elevation in the absence of acute ischemic heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Analytical considerations of biomarkers assays in heart failure
Biomarkers of interest (although they are not currently used routinely)
Myeloperoxidase
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
49. Kidney disease
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy
Kidney function and physiology
Glomerular and tubular protein handling
Pathophysiology of kidney disease
Diseases of the kidney
Renal replacement therapy
Acknowledgements
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
50. Disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid-base metabolism
Abstract
Total body water: Volume and distribution
Water and electrolytes: Composition of body fluids
Acid-base physiology
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
51. Liver disease
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy of the liver
Biochemical functions of the liver
Clinical manifestations of liver disease
Diseases of the liver
Diagnostic strategy
Liver transplantation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
52. Gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic function
Abstract
Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
Phases of digestion
Stomach: Diseases and laboratory investigations
Intestinal disorders and their laboratory investigation
Pancreas: Disease and assessment of exocrine pancreatic function
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
53. Monoamine-producing tumors
Abstract
Peripheral monoamine systems
Neuroblastoma
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
Peripheral monoamine systems
Neuroblastoma
Pheochromocytoma
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroeendocrine tumors
References
54. Bone and mineral metabolism
Abstract
Overview of skeletal metabolism
Biochemical measurements in metabolic bone disease
Phosphate
Magnesium
Hormones regulating bone and mineral metabolism
Fibroblast growth factor 23
Calcitonin
Sclerostin
Summary of integrated control of mineral metabolism
Biochemical markers of bone turnover
Metabolic bone diseases
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
55. Pituitary function and pathophysiology
Abstract
Anatomy
Pituitary embryology
Hypothalamic regulation
Summary of pituitary-related disorders
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
56. Adrenal cortex
Abstract
Introduction
Adrenal anatomy and physiology
Regulation of adrenocortical hormones
Adrenocortical insufficiency
Disorders producing excess adrenocortical hormones
Laboratory investigation of adrenocortical dysfunction
Analytical methods
Summary
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
57. Thyroid disorders
Abstract
Historical landmarks
Anatomy
Thyroid hormones
Iodine
Extrathyroidal factors that affect thyroid function
Thyroid disease
Genetics
Evaluation of thyroid function
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
58. Reproductive endocrinology and related disorders
Abstract
Male reproductive biology
Female reproductive biology
Infertility
Analytical methods for reproductive hormones
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
59. Pregnancy and its disorders
Abstract
Human pregnancy
Maternal and fetal health assessment
Complications of pregnancy
Prenatal screening for fetal defects
Laboratory tests
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section V. Genetic Metabolic Disorders
60. Newborn screening and inborn errors of metabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Inborn errors of metabolism: Clinical presentation
Inborn errors of metabolism: Diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis
Newborn screening
Evaluation of symptomatic patients
Postmortem screening
Biochemical genetics tests: Analytical considerations
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Organic acidemias
Disorders of the carnitine cycle and fatty acid oxidation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
61. Inborn errors of metabolism: Disorders of complex molecules
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders
Peroxisomal disorders
Congenital disorders of glycosylation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section VI. Molecular Diagnostics
62. Principles of molecular biology
Abstract
Historical developments in genetics and molecular biology
Molecular biology essentials
Nucleic acid structure and function
Central dogma of molecular biology
Epigenetics
Understanding our genome
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
63. Nucleic acid isolation
Abstract
History of nucleic acid isolation tools
Steps involved in na isolation
Nucleic acid quality and quantity
Methods to measure nucleic acid quality and quantity
Impact of sample complexity on nucleic acid preparation
Specific applications
Oncology
Summary of common methods
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
64. Nucleic acid techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Nucleic acid preparation
Amplification techniques
Detection techniques
Discrimination techniques
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
65. Genomes, variants, and massively parallel methods
Abstract
Introduction
Human genome
Nonhuman genomes
DNA that codes for RNA but not protein
Variation in the human genome
Encode project
Nomenclature
Variant databases
Massively parallel methods
Nucleic acid microarrays
Applications enabled by massively parallel sequencing
Informatics
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
66. Clinical genome sequencing
Abstract
Introduction
Special considerations that apply to clinical genomic sequencing (cGS)
Reporting
Limitations
Current challenges
Opportunities
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
67. Molecular microbiology
Abstract
Introduction and historical perspective
Overview of methodologies
Probe hybridization
Liquid-phase hybridization
Solid-phase hybridization
In situ hybridization
Hybridization arrays
Target nucleic acid amplification strategies
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Digital polymerase chain reaction
Non–polymerase chain reaction target and signal amplification approaches
Signal amplification techniques
Non–polymerase chain reaction target amplification
Sequencing
Mass spectrometry
Health care–associated infections
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacilli
Syndromic panels
Pneumonia panels
Emerging technologies
Cell-free nucleic acid for microbial identification
Gene expression analysis (transcriptomics)
Host protein signature (proteomics)
CRISPR-CAS applications
Summary and future directions
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
68. Genetics
Abstract
Diseases with mendelian inheritance
Mitochondrial DNA diseases
Imprinting
Expanded carrier screening
Massively parallel sequencing
Noninvasive prenatal testing
Whole-exome sequencing
Cytogenomics
Reporting of test results
Laboratory regulation
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
69. Solid tumors
Abstract
Considerations for solid tumor genomics
Genomic analysis of solid tumors
MPS of solid tumor samples
Interpreting somatic alterations in a clinical context
Summary and concluding remarks
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
70. Hematopathology
Abstract
Recurrent translocations and structural chromosomal abnormalities
Gene mutations in hematopoietic malignancies
Role of genetic regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic malignancies
Clonality testing in hematopoietic malignancies
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
71. Circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acids in oncology
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells
Circulating tumor DNA
ctDNA historical background
Combined discussion of circulating tumor cells and ctDNA
Conclusions
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
72. Circulating nucleic acids for prenatal diagnostics
Abstract
Brief overview of the early developments of prenatal genetic diagnostics
Strategies to mitigate risks of invasive prenatal diagnosis
Noninvasive fetal DNA analysis
The biology of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma
Diagnostic applications of circulating cffDNA
Noninvasive fetal “omics”
Analytical aspects
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
73. Pharmacogenetics
Abstract
Principles of pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenes
Thiopurine s-methyltransferase and nudix hydrolase 15 (TPMT and NUDT15)
MU-opioid receptor (OPRM1)
Clinical applications
Future directions
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
Section VII. Hematology and Coagulation
74. Automated hematology
Abstract
Introduction
Red blood cells
Reticulocytes
Reticulocyte parameters
Platelets
Platelet parameters
Methods
Sources of error in automated hematology instruments
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
75. Leukocyte morphology in blood and bone marrow
Abstract
Introduction
Peripheral blood and bone marrow preparations
Normal ranges of leukocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow
Introduction to myeloid cells
Neutrophils and precursors
Eosinophils, basophils, and precursors
Monocytes
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
Special cell types
Multiple choice questions:
Selected references
References
76. Red blood cell morphology and indices: The clinical chemistry interface
Abstract
Automated blood counting instruments: Historical perspective
Peripheral blood smear chemistry–related changes: Alterations in blood analytes associated with or causing blood count and smear abnormalities
Clinical chemistry laboratory testing to establish the cause of anemia
Interferences
Acknowledgments
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
77. Hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies
Abstract
Biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of hemoglobin
Thalassemia syndromes
Hemoglobinopathies
Analytical methods
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
78. Enzymes of the red blood cell
Abstract
Introduction
The embden-meyerhof pathway
Hexose monophosphate pathway
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44)
Rapoport-luebering shunt
Glutathione pathway
Purine-pyrimidine metabolism
Methemoglobin reduction
Detection of hereditary red cell enzyme deficiencies
Methods
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
79. Physiology of hemostasis
Abstract
Hemostasis
Platelets
von Willebrand factor
Plasma components
Coagulation
Regulation of coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Blood vessels and endothelium
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
80. Platelets and von Willebrand factor
Abstract
Test methods for evaluation of platelets
Clinical application of tests for platelet disorders
Test methods for evaluation of von Willebrand factor
Clinical application of tests for von Willebrand disease and acquired von Willebrand syndrome
Thrombotic disorders due to platelet activation
Multiple choice questions
Slected references
References
81. Coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis
Abstract
General considerations for coagulation testing
Test methods for coagulation
Clinical application of laboratory tests for coagulation disorders
Test methods and their clinical application for fibrinolysis
Thrombosis
Test methods and their clinical application for thrombotic risk
Thrombophilia testing
Monitoring anticoagulant therapy
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Section VIII. Microbiology
82. Introduction to infectious diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Bloodstream and endovascular infections
Central nervous system infections
Eye infections
Upper respiratory tract infections
Lower respiratory tract infections
Gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal infections
Genitourinary tract infections
Bone and joint infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Multi-systemic infections
Congenital infections
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
83. The role of the clinical laboratory in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship
Abstract
Introduction
Roles and objectives of key stakeholders
Clinical laboratory role for ASP
Clinical laboratory role for IPC
Workflow and communication between the laboratory, infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship program
Laboratory diagnostic methods to support infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship program
Karius test
Septifast
Summary of rapid bloodstream infection identification
Summary for other multiplex syndromic panels
mecA, vanA, and vanB
Carbapenemase genes
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing considerations
Biomarkers
Screening tests for infection prevention and control
Translating microbiological results into clinical impact
Diagnostic stewardship
Summary
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
84. Bacteriology
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the laboratory’s role in the diagnosis of bacterial infections
Methods of organism identification
Postanalytical considerations
Clinical syndromes
Summary
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
85. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Abstract
Introduction
Key antibacterial agents used in clinical practice
Performance of the antimicrobial susceptibility test
Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for key bacterial pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for mycobacteria and aerobic actinomycetes
Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for fungi
Susceptibility testing of yeast
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
86. Mycobacteriology
Abstract
Introduction and overview of mycobacteria
Classification of mycobacteria and clinical significance
Laboratory methods
Conclusions and future diagnostic developments
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
87. Mycology
Abstract
Introduction
Fungal taxonomy and nomenclature
Epidemiology of fungal infections
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections: Introduction
Laboratory diagnosis: Preanalytical phase
Laboratory diagnosis: Analytical phase
Laboratory diagnosis: Postanalytical phase
Antifungal agents and therapeutic drug monitoring
Introduction to fungal infections
Bloodstream infections and endocarditis
Respiratory tract infections
Central nervous system infections
Bone and joint infections
Intra-abdominal infections
Gastrointestinal infections
Urinary tract infections
Genital infections
Eye infections
Ear infections
Skin, hair, and nail infections
Subcutaneous infections
Microsporidiosis and rare infections
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
88. Parasitology
Abstract
Introduction
Parasite classification and taxonomy
Laboratory methods
Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis of parasitic infections
Blood and tissue protozoa
Intestinal and urogenital protozoa
Intestinal helminths
Miscellaneous uncommon cestodes
Blood and tissue helminths
Medically important arthropods
Delusional parasitosis
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
89. Virology
Abstract
Introduction and historical perspective
Viral infections of the respiratory tract
Viral infections in immunocompromised populations
Sexually transmitted infections
Viral infections of the central nervous system
Arthropod borne viruses associated with fever and rash
Viral gastroenteritis
Viral hepatitis
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
Re-emerging vaccine-preventable viral illness
Summary and conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected References
References
Section IX. Transfusion Medicine
90. Blood group systems and pretransfusion testing
Abstract
Blood group systems
Pretransfusion testing
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
91. Blood components, product modifications, and blood donor screening
Abstract
Volunteer blood donation
Ensuring the safety of blood components
Reducing infectious risks of transfusion
Viral agents
Parasitic diseases
Bacterial contamination
Pathogen inactivation
Reducing noninfectious risks
Donor reactions and complications
Autologous donation
Directed donations
Whole blood collection and component manufacturing
Red cell storage lesion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
92. Indications for transfusion: RBCs, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate
Abstract
Blood transfusion practices
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
93. Transfusion reactions and adverse events associated with transfusion
Abstract
Classification and tracking transfusion reactions
Acute transfusion reactions
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Allergic and anaphylactic transfusion reactions
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
Transfusion-associated sepsis
Hypotensive transfusion reactions
Delayed transfusion reactions
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
Post-transfusion purpura
Other transfusion related adverse events
Donor considerations
Multiple-choice questions
Selected references
References
Section X. Clinical Immunology
94. Systemic autoimmune disease
Abstract
Introduction to systemic autoimmunity
Antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic diseases
Mixed connective tissue disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Vasculitis
Summary
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
95. Transplant, solid organ
Abstract
Introduction
Immunobiology of allotransplantation and barriers
Immunosuppression in transplantation—the past, present, and future
Solid organ-specific challenges
Outcomes in organ transplantation
Complications in transplantation
Future transplant practice
Summary
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
96. Hematopoietic cell transplantation
Abstract
Introduction
Donor selection
Graft sources
Conditioning
Graft-versus-host disease
Acute graft-versus-host disease
Chronic graft-versus-host disease
Infectious complications
Noninfectious complications
Late effects
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
97. Transplant compatibility testing
Abstract
Introduction
Human leukocyte antigen structure and properties
Looking to the future of human leukocyte antigen testing
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
98. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and immunogenicity
Abstract
Biology of antibodies
Therapeutic antibodies
The use of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in clinical medicine
Clinical laboratory testing for tumor necrosis factor antagonists
Test guided strategy in tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment
Clinical laboratory testing interference by monoclonal antibody therapeutics
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
99. Allergy testing
Abstract
Atopy, sensitization, and allergy
Hypersensitivity reactions and classification
Cells involved with allergy
Th1 versus Th2 immune response
Fetal origins of allergy
Biology of immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin E receptors
Relationship between immunoglobulin E and allergic disease
Allergy tests
Allergen and component nomenclature
Allergy component testing
Food allergy
Food allergies resulting from immunologic cross-reactivity with inhalant allergens
Ocular allergy
Occupational allergy
Latex allergy
Pet allergy
Rodent (mouse and rat) allergy
Pollen allergy
Red meat allergy
Non–immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy
Mixed immunoglobulin E– and non–immunoglobulin E–mediated reactions
Allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Rhinitis
Urticaria (hives)
Urticaria associated with vasculitis/immune complex
Hereditary angioedema and acquired angioedema
Management of allergic disease during pregnancy
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
100. Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies
Abstract
Introduction
Group 1. Combined immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity
Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—DiGeorge syndrome
Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Group 3. Antibody deficiencies—common variable immunodeficiency
Group 4. Diseases of immune dysregulation—autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Group 5. Phagocytic defects—chronic granulomatous disease
Group 6. Defects of innate immunity
Group 7. Autoinflammatory conditions
Group 8. Complement deficiencies
Group 9. Bone marrow failure syndromes—dyskeratosis congenita
Group 10. Phenocopies of primary immunodeficiencies
Multiple choice questions
Selected references
References
Appendix A: Reference information for the clinical laboratory
Appendix B: Answers to multiple choice questions
Index