The Upper Atmosphere

PrefaceChapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Variables Describing Structure and Composition 1.2 The Composition of Air and Some Standard Atmospheres 1.3 Nomenclature 1.4 Scope and Plan of this Book ReferencesChapter 2. Meteorological Conditions in the Lower Stratosphere 2.1 Balloon Sounding Systems 2.2 The Tropopause 2.3 Composition of the Lower Stratosphere—Water Vapor and Dust 2.4 Climatology of the Lower Stratosphere 2.5 The Disturbed Circulation of the Lower Stratosphere ReferencesChapter 3. Structure and Circulation of the Upper Stratosphere and the Mesosphere 3.1 Large-Scale Features of the Wind and Temperature Variations 3.2 Ground-Based Measurements 3.3 Rocket Measurements 3.4 Frequent Measurements with Balloons and Meteorological Rockets 3.5 Summary and Discussion ReferencesChapter4. The Suns Radiation and the Upper Atmosphere 4.1 Some Applicable Aspects of Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanics 4.2 Energy Exchange by Collision 4.3 Black-Body Radiation and Some Simple Aspects of Radiative Transfer 4.4 Absorption of Solar Radiation by an Exponential Atmosphere 4.5 The Sun and Its Ultraviolet Radiation 4.6 Absorption by the Upper Atmosphere ReferencesChapter 5. Composition of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere; Atmospheric Ozone 5.1 Observations of the Total Amount of Ozone 5.2 Observations of the Vertical Distribution of Ozone 5.3 Photochemical Processes Affecting Ozone 5.4 Meteorological Processes Affecting Ozone 5.5 Composition of the Mesosphere 5.6 Noctilucent Clouds ReferencesChapter 6. Composition and Structure of the Thermosphere 6.1 Photochemical Processes in the Thermosphere 6.2 Diffusion in the Thermosphere 6.3 Composition Measurements 6.4 Structure Measurements 6.5 Structure of the Thermosphere ReferencesChapter 7. Radiative Processes and Heat Transfer 7.1 Infrared Transfer in the Atmosphere 7.2 Heat Transfer in the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere 7.3 Heat Conduction and Thermospheric Models ReferencesChapter 8. Atmospheric Tides and Winds in the Lower Thermosphere 8.1 Observation and Theory of Atmospheric Tides 8.2 Measurements of Tidal Winds in the Lower Thermosphere 8.3 Irregular, Small-Scale Wind Variations in the Lower Thermosphere ReferencesChapter 9. An Introduction to Some Other Aeronomic Problems 9.1 An Introduction to the Earth's Magnetic Field and Its Variations 9.2 An Introduction to the Ionosphere 9.3 An Introduction to the Airglow and Aurora ReferencesChapter 10. The Transport of Properties in the Upper Atmosphere 10.1 Transport through the Tropopause 10.2 Meridional and Vertical Transport in the Stratosphere 10.3 Transport in the Mesosphere ReferencesAppendix A. Some Useful ConstantsAppendix B. Additional Comments on Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanics B.1 The Schrödinger Wave Equation B.2 Electron Quantum Numbers B.3 Term Symbols for Atoms B.4 The Helium Spectrum B.5 Electronic Quantum Numbers for MoleculesAppendix C. Comments on Radiation Nomenclature ReferencesAppendix D. Absorption by an Exponential Atmosphere; Grazing Incidence ReferencesAppendix E. The Götz Umkehr Method; Basic EquationAppendix F. Large-Scale Transport of Atmospheric PropertiesAppendix G. Some Early Studies of Radiative Effects on Thermal Structure ReferencesAppendix H. Thermal Equilibrium and the Upper AtmosphereAppendix I. Harmonic Analysis and Significance Criteria ReferenceAppendix J. Legendre Functions and Spherical Harmonics ReferencesAppendix K. The Perturbation Equations ReferenceAppendix L. An Early Account of an Auroral Display ReferenceAppendix M. Glossary of SymbolsAuthor IndexSubject Index