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The Synapse summarizes recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission and provides new insights into neuronal plasticity and the cellular basis of… Read more
LIMITED OFFER
Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code needed.
The Synapse summarizes recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission and provides new insights into neuronal plasticity and the cellular basis of neurological diseases.
Each chapter is illustrated with drawings and images derived from calcium imaging, electron microscopic immunolabeling, or electrophysiology. This book is a valuable reference for neuroscientists and clinical neurologists in both research and clinical settings.
Neuroscience, Clinical Neurology
List of Contributors
Chapter One. Structure and Complexity of the Synapse and Dendritic Spine
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 Synapses and Dendritic Spines
2.2 Synapse: Spine Relationship
2.3 Dendritic Spine Classifications
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Two. The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Transmission: A View of the Presynaptic Terminal
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Synaptic Structure
2.2 The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
2.3 A Glimpse into the Nanometric Molecular Organization of the Synapse
2.4 Synchronous, A-synchronous and Spontaneous Release: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives
2.5 Molecular Aspects of Synaptic Plasticity
2.6 Genetic Manipulations of Synaptic Proteins and Behavioral Consequences
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Three. The First Hour in the Life of a Synapse: Contact Formation, Partner Selection, and Onset of Function
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 Contact Formation
2.2 Partner Selection
2.3 Onset of Function
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Four. Structural and Functional Organization of the Postsynaptic Density
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 Excitatory Synapses: Postsynaptic Organization
2.2 Synaptic Adhesion Molecules Gene Mutations
2.3 Postsynaptic Scaffolds and Their Relation to Neuropsychiatric Disorders
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Five. The Tripartite Synapse: A Role for Glial Cells in Modulating Synaptic Transmission
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 Astrocyte Functions
2.2 Ca2+ Signaling in Astrocytes
2.3 Gliotransmission
2.4 Astrocytic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Six. Local Protein Synthesis at Synapses
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 SPRCs: Ultrastructure of the Machinery that Underlies Protein Synthesis at Synapses
2.2 Protein Synthesis in Dendrites
2.3 Posttranslational Processing within Dendrites
2.4 Dendritic mRNAs
2.5 Dendritic Transport of Ribosomes and mRNA
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Seven. Estrogen Effects on Hippocampal Synapses
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Hippocampal Synapses: Estrogen Effects and Receptors
2.2 Postsynaptic Compartments
2.3 Estrogen-Sensitive Receptors and Associated Signaling Molecules
2.4 Changes in Aging
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Eight. Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors and Associated Proteins in Synaptic Plasticity
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Development
2.2 Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors in Synaptic Plasticity
2.3 MAGUK Protein Complexes in Synaptic Plasticity
2.4 Adhesion Proteins in Synaptic Plasticity
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Nine. Structural Alterations of Synapses in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Autism Spectrum Disorders
2.2 Schizophrenia
2.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
3 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter Ten. Synaptic Correlates of Aging and Cognitive Decline
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Methods Used for Quantitative Analyses of Structural and Immunocytochemical Data
2.2 The Effects of Aging on the Prefrontal Cortex
2.3 The Effects of Aging on the Hippocampus
2.4 Location and Function of Glutamate Receptors in the Aging Brain
2.5 Interactive Effects of Aging and Estrogen on Cortical Synapses
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Eleven. Activity-Induced Fine Structural Changes of Synapses in Mammalian Central Nervous System
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Activity-Dependent Changes at the PSD of Excitatory Synapses in Dissociated Neuronal Cultures
2.2 Activity-Induced Changes of AMPA Receptors at Excitatory Synapses
2.3 Activity-Induced Changes at Presynaptic Terminals of Excitatory Synapses in Dissociated Neuronal Cultures
2.4 Rapid Turnover of Synaptic Spinules in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures
2.5 Inhibitory Synapses under Different Activity Conditions
2.6 Studying Synapses with Different Experimental Model Systems
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Twelve. Activity-Mediated Structural Plasticity of Dendritic Spines
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 General Morphological Characteristics of Dendritic Spines
2.2 Synapse Formation through Filopodia
2.3 Synapse Formation through the Growth of New Spines
2.4 Fast Motility of Dendritic Spines
2.5 Activity-Mediated Spine Enlargement
2.6 Molecular Mechanisms of Spine Enlargement and Stabilization
2.7 Activity-Mediated Network Rewiring through Spine Turnover
2.8 Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Spine Dynamics
2.9 Spine Alterations and Brain Disease
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Thirteen. Experience-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Developing Cerebral Cortex
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 De Novo Synaptogenesis
2.2 Chemical Maturation of Glutamatergic Synapses
2.3 Maturation of the GABAergic System and its Role in Developmental Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex
2.4 Role of norepinephrine in ocular dominance plasticity
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Fourteen. Asynaptic and Synaptic Innervation by Acetylcholine Neurons of the Central Nervous System
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2.1 Asynaptic and synaptic ACh innervations in CNS
2.2 Cerebral Cortex
2.3 Hippocampus
2.4 Neostriatum
2.5 Thalamus
2.6 Other Brain Regions
2.7 Spinal Cord
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Fifteen. Prefrontal Cortical Dopamine Transmission: Ultrastructural Studies and Their Functional Implications
Abstract
1 Introduction
2.1 Cortical DA Labeling Methods, Cells of Origin, and Terminations
2.2 Ultrastructural Features, Synaptic Incidence, and Targets of Cortical DA Axons
2.3 DA Transporter Localization
2.4 DA Receptors and Physiology
2.5 Physiology
2.6 Colocalization of DA and Glutamate
3 Conclusions
References
Index
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