The Spinal Cord

Chapter 1The organization of the spinal cordCharles Watson and Gulgun KayaliogluThe gross anatomy of the spinal cordSpinal cord segments Spinal nervesSpinal cord gray and white matter. Lateral cervical nucleusLateral spinal nucleusOnuf’s nucleus Central canalSpinal cord meningesVasculature of the spinal cordChapter 2Development of the spinal cordKen WS AshwellFrom neural plate to neural tube Neural crest developmentAlar and basal plates and their derivatives Segmentation of the developing spinal cordMotoneuron development and cell deathDevelopment of spinal cord afferents and dorsal horn interneuronsDevelopment of glia in the spinal cord Development of major ascending and descending tractsMyelination of spinal cord pathwaysRelative growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column Chapter 3The vertebral column and the spinal meningesGulgun KayaliogluThe vertebral columnGeneral features of the vertebrae in mammalsInterspecific variation in vertebral number The rodent vertebral column Cervical vertebrae in humansThoracic vertebrae in humansLumbar vertebrae in humans.The sacrum in humans The coccyx in humans Curvatures of the spineJoints of the vertebraeJoints between vertebral bodiesJoints between vertebral archesThe craniovertebral jointsLumbosacral joints Sacrococcygeal joint Intercoccygeal joints Sacro-iliac joints The intrinsic muscles of the vertebral columnThe spinal meninges Intermediate leptomeningeal layer Chapter 4The spinal nervesGulgun KayaliogluThe anatomy of the dorsal and ventral roots and spinal nervesDorsal root (spinal) ganglia Spinal nervesDermatomes Chapter 5The spinal cord blood vesselsOscar U ScreminBlood flow and spinal cord functionCapillary networksSpinal cord blood flow imaging Arterial anatomy Venous anatomySpinal cord lymphatic drainage Experimental spinal cord ischemiaBlood flow in spinal cord trauma Chapter 6Cytoarchitecture of the spinal cordClaire Heise and Gulgun KayaliogluThe laminae of Rexed Lamina 1Lamina 2 Lamina 3Lamina 4 The dorsal nucleusLamina 5Lamina 6 Lamina 7 Lamina 8 Lamina 9 Lamina 10 Chapter 7Localization of motoneurons in the spinal cordSteve McHanwell and Charles WatsonIntroduction – motoneuron types Cellular organization of neurons within the ventral and intermediate horns Experimental approaches to motoneuron localization Topography of motoneuron pools in the upper cervical spinal cord Topography of forelimb motoneuron pools in the cervical enlargement Topography of motoneuron pools in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord Topography of hindlimb motoneuron pools in the lumbosacral spinal cordMuscles of the perineumDeep muscles of the back and tail Chapter 8Spinal autonomic preganglionic neurons: the visceral efferent system of the spinal cordColin R Anderson, Janet R Keast, and Elspeth M McLachlanVisceral efferent pathways Spatial distribution of preganglionic neurons Morphology of preganglionic neurons and arrangement of their dendrites Sympathetic preganglionic neurons Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons Chemistry of preganglionic neuronsChemistry of synaptic inputs to preganglionic neuronsRegulation of pelvic organ function Chapter 9Central nervous system control of micturitionGert Holstege and Han CollewijnAfferent fibers from bladder to sacral spinal cordSensory endings in the bladder wallSensory endings in the urethraSacral cord Bladder C-fibersBladder A-delta fibersAscending projectionsMotor innervation of bladder and bladder sphincter Somatomotor innervation of the external bladder sphincter Sacral micturition reflexesPeriaqueductal grayPontine micturition center (PMC) Continence center or L-region Other brainstem-spinal pathways possibly involved in bladderand sphincter motoneuronal control Forebrain micturition control Chapter 10Projections from the spinal cord to the brainGulgun KayaliogluAscending spinal projections in the ventrolateral funiculus Other ascending projections in the ventrolateral funiculusProjections from the spinal cord to the cerebellumThe dorsal spinocerebellar tract Dorsal column ascending pathwaysChapter 11Projections from the brain to the spinal cordCharles Watson and Alan R HarveyThe corticospinal tract Hypothalamic and diencephalic projections to the spinal cordThe rubrospinal tractThe tectospinal tractCerebellospinal projectionsThe reticulospinal tracts Descending trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei projections The vestibulospinal tracts Raphespinal and coeruleospinal tractsThe solitariospinal tract Projection from the retroambiguus nucleus to the spinal cord Chapter 12The propriospinal systemAmanda C Conta and Dennis J StelznerThe propriospinal system: definition and overall function Subgroups of propriospinal networks Propriospinal networks and neurotransmittersLocomotor propriospinal system across speciesPropriospinal projections and experimental spinal cord injury Chapter 13Spinal cord transmitter substancesClaire Heise and Gulgun KayaliogluCholinergic neurons Substance P Noradrenergic projections to the spinal cordSerotoninergic projections from the rapheDopaminergic projections to the spinal cord Chapter 14Spinal cord injury: experimental animal models and relation to human therapy.Stuart I Hodgetts, Giles W Plant, and Alan R HarveyGeneral pathophysiology of SCITypes of spinal cord injuryImmune and inflammatory responses following SCIMethods to induce spinal cord injuryAssessing functional recovery in animal models of SCIAssessing human functional recoveryDifferences between animal models and humans and functional recovery after SCIStrategies to treat SCI Clinical trialsChapter 15Atlas of the rat spinal cordCharles Watson, George Paxinos. Gulgun Kayalioglu, and Claire HeiseIntroductionMethodsCresyl violet staining and AChE histochemistryImmunohistochemical processing MountingPhotography and diagrams Nomenclature and abbreviations Basis of delineation of structures Naming of spinal cord segments Identification of regions and segments of the spinal cord in the rat and mouseList of structuresRat spinal cord figures and platesChapter 16Atlas of the mouse spinal cordCharles Watson, George Paxinos. Gulgun Kayalioglu, and Claire HeiseIntroductionMethodsMouse spinal cord sections provided by the Allen Institute for Brain SciencePhotography and diagramsBasis of delineation of structuresList of structuresMouse spinal cord figures and platesChapter 17Toward a spinal cord ontologyCharles Watson and Amandeep SidhuWhat is an ontology?Regional subdivisions in the spinal cordA new regional classification based on development An ontological outline of spinal cord nomenclature Six levels in the spinal cord ontology Subdividing the limb enlargements into rostral and caudal groupsDetailed similarities between the arrangement of motoneuron groups in the brachial and lumbar enlargementsSimilarities between the segments that immediately precede the upper and lower limb enlargements Does this spinal cord ontology have any practical application?