The Radiation Chemistry of Water

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter One. Historical Survey of the Radiation Chemistry of Water

I. Present Status

II. Literature

III. Early Period: Changes are Observed in Solutions in Which the Radiations from Radioactive Substances are Absorbed

IV. "Photochemical" Reactions Induced by X Rays

V. Free Radicals as Carriers of Changes in Irradiated Water

VI. Pulse Radiolysis

References

Chapter Two. Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Water and the Origin of Short-Lived Species That Cause Chemical Changes in Irradiated Water

I. Absorption of Radiation in Water

II. Excited and Ionized Water Molecules

III. Fate of Electrons Produced in the Ionization of Water

IV. Spatial Distribution of Active Species

V. Brief Survey of Important Events Leading to the Formation of Primary Free-Radical Products in Water Radiolysis

References

Chapter Three. Primary Products of Water Radiolysis: Short-Lived Reducing Species—the Hydrated Electron, the Hydrogen Atom, and Molecular Hydrogen

I. Properties of the Hydrated Electron

II. The Kinetic Salt Effect as Evidence for the Negative Charge on the Hydrated Electron

III. Evidence for Two Kinds of Reducing Species from Competition-Kinetic Experiments

IV. Atomic Hydrogen

V. Primary Molecular Hydrogen

References

Chapter Four. Primary Products of Water Radiolysis: Oxidizing Species—the Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide

I. Properties of the Hydroxyl Radical

II. Forms of the Hydroxyl Radical in Irradiated Water at Various pH's

III. Relative Rate Constants of Hydroxyl Radical Reactions; Competition Kinetics

IV. The Hydroperoxyl Radical

V. Primary Hydrogen Peroxide

References

Chapter Five. Radiation-Chemical Yields of the Primary Products of Water Radiolysis and Their Dependence on Various Factors

I. Remarks Concerning the Radiation-Chemical Yields of Primary Species

II. Effect of Scavenger Reactivity

III. GR and GM Values for ?-Irradiated Water at Neutral pH

IV. Effect of pH

V. Primary Yields in D2O

VI. Effect of Linear Energy Transfer

VII. Effect of Dose Rate

VIII. Effect of Temperature

IX. Effect of Pressure

References

Chapter Six. Diffusion-Kinetic Model

I. Basic Assumptions

II. Some General Cases of the Diffusion-Kinetic Model

III. Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Observations

References

Chapter Seven. Radiation Sources and Irradiation Techniques

I. Radiation Units with 60CO

II. Pulsed Electron Beams

III. Positively Charged Particles

IV. Some Other Irradiation Techniques

V. Preparation of Samples for Irradiation

References

Chapter Eight. Aqueous Chemical Dosimeters

I. Chemical Change as a Measure of Absorbed Dose

II. Ferrous Sulfate Dosimeter (The Fricke Dosimeter)

III. Ceric Sulfate Dosimeter

IV. Oxalic Acid Dosimeter

V. Some Other Systems Used in the Radiation Dosimetry of Water and Aqueous Solutions

References

Author Index

Subject Index