The Photochemistry of Atmospheres

Contributors

Preface

Introduction

I Earth


1. The Photochemistry of the Early Atmosphere

I. Introduction

II. Structure of the Atmosphere

III. Formation of the Earth

IV. Composition of the Prebiological Atmosphere

V. Photochemistry of the Prebiological Atmosphere

VI. Photochemistry and Chemical Evolution

VII. Photosynthesis, Oxygen, and Ozone

VIII. Directions for Future Research

References


2. The Photochemistry of the Troposphere

I. Historical Perspective

II. Chemical Perspective

III. The Role of Meteorology

IV. Atmospheric Oxidizers and Their Sources

V. Photochemistry in the Troposphere

VI. Chemistry in Atmospheric Water Droplets

VII. Aerosol Chemistry

VIII. Concentration of Tropospheric Trace Species

IX. Chemical Budgets in the Troposphere

X. Consequences of Tropospheric Photochemistry

XI. Future Study

References


3. The Photochemistry of the Stratosphere

I. Introduction

II. Composition and Chemical Families

III. Photochemical Data Base

IV. The Chapman Ozone Cycle

V. Water Vapor and the Odd-Hydrogen Cycle

VI. Nitrous Oxide and the Odd-Nitrogen Cycle

VII. Methane-Hydrocarbon Photochemistry

VIII. The Chlorine Cycle

IX. The Sulfur Cycle

X. Heterogeneous Chemistry

XI. Additional Photochemistry

XII. Ozone Perturbations

XIII. Summary and Research Requirements

References


4. Photochemistry, Composition, and Climate

I. Introduction

II. Radiative Climate Modeling of the Earth

III. Chemical Constituents

IV. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Climate

V. Projections for Future Research

References


5. The Photochemistry of the Upper Atmosphere

I. Composition

II. Photochemistry

III. Measurements

Appendix

References

II The Other Planets


6. The Photochemistry of the Atmosphere of Venus

I. Introduction

II. Atmospheric Structure, Circulation, and Composition

III. Chemistry and Photochemistry

IV. Atmospheric Origin and Evolution

References


7. The Photochemistry of the Atmosphere of Mars

I. Introduction

II. The Astronomical Setting

III. Space Exploration

IV. Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

V. Photochemistry of the Lower and Upper Atmosphere

VI. Escape of Gases from the Mars Atmosphere

VII. Climatic Change on Mars

VIII. Directions for Future Research

References


8. The Photochemistry of the Atmospheres of the Outer Planets and Their Satellites

I. Introduction

II. Observations

III. Composition and Thermal Structure

IV. Some Basic Principles

V. Photochemistry of the Outer Planets

VI. Photochemistry of Titan

VII. Photochemistry of Io

VIII. Directions for Future Research

References

III Comets


9. The Photochemistry of Comets

I. Introduction

II. Classification

III. Composition and Structure

IV. Origin of Comets

V. Measurements

VI. Photochemistry of the Coma

VII. Halley's Comet and Other Unusual Comets

VIII. Directions for Future Research

References

IV Appendixes

Appendix I. Unattenuated Solar Photo Rate Coefficients at 1 AU Heliocentric Distance

Appendix II. Chemical Reaction Rates

Index