The Pathway to Carbon Neutrality for Major Oil and Gas Companies

Chapter 1. The History and Motivations of International Oil Companies in Addressing Climate Change
Section 1: The Stage of Shared Perception

1. Climate Change Transitioned from a Scientific Issue to a Political One

2. International Oil Companies Funded Climate Research and Adopt Environmental and Energy-saving Measures
Section 2: The Stage of Joint Defense

1. Climate Response Shifted from Development Blueprints to Legal Constraints

2. International Oil Companies Maintained Industry Interests through International Organizations and Lobbying
Section 3: The Stage of Consensus Convergence

1. Climate Response Shifted from Legal Constraints to Global Consensus

2. International Oil Companies Moved from Diverse Responses to a Green and Low-Carbon Industry Consensus
Section 4: The Stage of Joint Construction

1. Climate Response Shifted from Global Consensus to Global Co-construction

2. International Oil Companies Set Low-Carbon Goals and Seek Diversified Transformation and Development
Section 5: Common Motivations for Response Strategies

1. Company Profits and Shareholder Interests

2. National Strategy and Government-Business Relations

3. Public Opinion and Brand Value

4. Industry Convergence and External Cooperation

5. Internal and External Pressures and Competitiveness

Chapter 2. The External Policy Environment for International Oil Companies in Carbon Neutrality
Section 1: Global Climate Governance Progress and Policy

1. Governance Progress

2. Policy
Section 2: The Carbon Neutrality Visions and Policy of Key Countries

1. Carbon Neutrality Visions and Policy of Key European and American Countries

2. Carbon Neutrality Visions and Policy of Key Petroleum

Chapter 3. The Path and Progress of Carbon Neutrality for International Oil Companies
Section 1: Overview

1. An Overview of International Oil Companies' Carbon Neutrality Targets

2. Initiatives of International Oil Companies
Section 2: BP'

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 3: Shell

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 4: TotalEnergies

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 5: Eni

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 6: Equinor

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 7: ExxonMobil

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality
Section 8: Chevron

1. Carbon Neutrality Targets and Path

2. Motivations and Effectiveness of Carbon Neutrality

Chapter 4. Typical Low-Carbon and New Energy Projects of International Oil Companies
Section 1: Typical CCS/CCUS Projects of International Oil Companies

1. An Overview of CCS/CCUS Projects

2. Typical CCS/CCUS Projects
Section 2: Typical Wind Power Projects of International Oil Companies

1. An Overview of Wind Power Projects

2. Typical Wind Power Projects
Section 3: Typical Photovoltaic Projects of International Oil Companies

1. An Overview of Photovoltaic Projects

2. Typical Photovoltaic Projects
Section 4: Typical Hydrogen Energy Projects of International Oil Companies

1. An Overview of Hydrogen Energy Projects

2. Typical Hydrogen Energy Projects

Chapter 5. Development Trends and Outlook for Carbon Neutrality of International Oil Companies
Section 1: Outlook on the External Situation of International Oil Companies' Carbon Neutrality

1. Accelerated Climate Governance Still Faces Many Challenges

2. Policy Constraints Promote the Accelerated Development of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms

3. The Ukraine Crisis Accelerates the Adjustment of the World Pattern

4. The Pace and Path of Energy Transition Remain Uncertain

5. Rising Oil Prices Boost the Transformation and Development of the Energy Industry
Section 2: Outlook on the Trend of International Oil Companies' Carbon Neutrality

1. The Scale and Proportion of Low-Carbon Investment Will Be Fully Improved

2. Cost Reduction Still Awaits Technological and Market Maturity

3. Multiple New Energy Businesses Will Achieve Coordinated Development

4. The Road to Carbon Neutrality for Oil Companies Remains Arduous

5. Oil Companies Will Transit to Integrated Energy Companies
References

Appendix I: Unit Conversion
Appendix II: Abbreviations of Proper Nouns

Table 1: Table of Information on Past United Nations Climate Change Conferences
Table 2: Table of Carbon Neutrality Visions and Policy of Major Countries
Table 3: Table of Carbon Reduction/Carbon Neutrality Targets of 36 Oil Companies
Table 4: Table of Oil and Gas Production, Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Nationally Determined Contribution Targets of Key Countries