The Observation of Atomic Collisions in Crystalline Solids

Preface1. Introduction References General Bibliography2. The Interaction of Radiation with Matter 2.1.Introduction 2.2.Primary Collisions 2.2.1. Neutrons 2.2.2. Fast Charged Particles 2.2.3. Electrons 2.3.Secondary Collisions 2.3.1. The Interatomic Potential 2.3.2. The Hard-Sphere Approximation 2.3.3. Glancing Collisions in the Impulse Approximation References3. Experimental Techniques 3.1.Introduction 3.2. Specimen Preparation 3.3.Techniques for the Study of Primary Events 3.3.1. General Features 3.3.2. Photographic and Fluorescent Screen Techniques 3.3.3. Energy Analysis of Primary Collisions 3.3.4. Range Measurement 3.4. Techniques for the Study of Secondary Events 3.4.1. General 3.4.2. Measurements on the Spatial Distribution of Sputtered Atoms 3.4.3. Energy Analysis of Sputtered Atoms References4. The Passage of Charged Particles through Solids 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Fundamental Theoretical Considerations 4.2.1. Nuclear Stopping 4.2.2. Electronic Stopping 4.2.3. Charge Exchange 4.2.4. Range Concepts 4.3. Measurements in Polycrystalline Solids 4.3.1. Stopping Power 4.3.2. Equilibrium Charge 4.3.3. Range Measurement 4.4. The Influence of the Crystal Lattice on Nuclear Stopping 4.4.1. Introduction 4.4.2. Models of Channeling in the Nuclear Stopping Region 4.4.3. Range Measurements in Single Crystals 4.4.4. Factors Influencing the Penetration Distribution of Channeled Particles 4.5. Crystal Lattice Effects at High Energy 4.5.1. Blocking and Rutherford Scattering 4.5.2. The Transmission of Protons through Thin Crystals 4.5.3. The Transmission of Energetic Heavy Particles through Crystals 4.6. Consequences of Channeling and Blocking Effects 4.6.1. Nuclear Reactions 4.6.2. Reduction in Sputtering Yields, Radiation Damage and Gas Release 4.7. Channeling as a "Tool" in the Study of Crystalline Solids 4.7.1. The Orientation of Crystals 4.7.2. The Study of Epitaxial Growth and Surface Layers 4.7.3. The Location of Foreign Atoms References5. The Atomic Collision Cascade 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Focusing of Atomic Collisions 5.2.1. Simple Focusing in a Row of Hard-Spheres 5.2.2. Simple Focusing in Real Crystals 5.2.3. Assisted Focusing in f.c.c. Lattices 5.2.4. Assisted Focusing in b.c.c. Lattices 5.3. The Attenuation of Simple Focused Collision Sequences 5.3.1. Attenuation in a Perfect Static Lattice 5.3.2. Attenuation Due to Thermal Vibration 5.3.3. Attenuation Due to Lattice Defects 5.4. The Attenuation of Assisted Sequences 5.5 Mass Transport along Collision Sequences 5.5.7. Simple Sequences 5.5.2. Assisted Sequences 5.6. Correlated Collisions without Focusing 5.7. Computer Simulation of Focusing 5.7.1. The Model 5.7.2. Results for f.c.c. Copper 5.7.3. Results for b.c.c. Iron 5.8. Collision Spectra within a Cascade References6. The Observation of Secondary Collisions 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Some Complicated Features of Sputtering Experiments 6.2.1. The Fate of the Bombarding Ions 6.2.2. Radiation Damage Effects 6.2.3. State of the Sputtered Surface 6.3. Measurement of Sputtering Yield 6.3.1. Polycrystalline Measurements 6.3.2. Single Crystal Measurements 6.4. The Spatial Distribution of Atoms Sputtered from Single Crystals 6.4.1. The Observation of Preferential Ejection 6.4.2. Models of Preferential Ejection 6.4.3. Discussion of Experimental Results 6.4.4. Channeled Recoil Trajectories 6.5.Energy Measurements of Sputtered Atoms 6.5.1. Polycrystalline Targets 6.5.2. Single Crystal Targets 6.6. Transmission Sputtering Experiments References7. Related Phenomena 7.1.Thermal Spikes 7.2.Anisotropy of Displacement Energy 7.3.Fission Tracks References8. Author Index9. Subject Index