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The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury
- 1st Edition - May 27, 2022
- Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Colin R Martin
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 5 7 5 - 7
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring… Read more
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Request a sales quoteDiagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries.
Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury:
- Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury
- Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
- Features chapters on epidemiology and pain
- Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury
- Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation
Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury:
- Summarizes the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury, including cellular and molecular biology
- Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
- Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events
- Includes plasticity and gene expression
- Examines health and stress behaviors after traumatic brain injury
Designed for research and teaching purposes, it is suitable for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, health scientists, public health workers, doctors, and research scientists. It is valuable as a personal reference book and also for academic libraries that covers the domains of neurology and health sciences. It is also suitable for undergraduates, postgraduate, lecturers and academic professors
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Front Matter for Volume 1
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Copyright for Volume 1
- Dedication for Volume 1
- Contributors for Volume 1
- Preface for Volume 1
- Front Matter for Volume 2
- Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Copyright for Volume 2
- Dedication for Volume 2
- Contributors for Volume 2
- Preface for Volume 2
- Volume 1: Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Section A: Setting the scene and introductory chapters
- Chapter 1: Traumatic brain injury and in-hospital mortality- CT perfusion and beyond
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neuroimaging for TBI
- Diffusion tensor imaging
- CT perfusion and in-hospital mortality
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 2: Predictors of outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Predictors and outcome measures
- Pediatric TBI
- Prognostic models
- Epidemiological considerations: the importance of outcome prediction considering between-country differences
- Approaches to predictive models in TBI: Discordance between clinical research and clinical management of TBI
- Recommendation for developing a predictive model in TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of potential strategies in TBI outcome research
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 3: Thirty years post-injury: Impact of traumatic brain injury on later Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Understanding traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
- Similarities in the long-term prognosis of mild repetitive and severe isolated traumatic brain injury
- Post-traumatic brain injury Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid-β pathology in traumatic brain injury
- Tubulin-associated unit pathology in traumatic brain injury
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of post-traumatic brain injury delayed-onset cognitive and psychiatric disorders
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 4: Drug interventions and stem cells in traumatic brain injury: Translation from experimental model to bedside
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The pathophysiology of TBI
- Possible treatments for TBI: Drug interventions
- Introduction to stem cells and their therapeutic potential
- Pre-clinical studies utilizing stem cells for the treatment of TBI
- Clinical studies utilizing stem cells
- Limitations of stem cells use
- Application to other fields of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of stem cells
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 5: Management of traumatic brain injury from the aspect of emergency department and case studies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Emergency department considerations
- Management of mild brain injury (GCS score 13–15)
- Management of moderate TBI
- Management of sTBI
- Airway
- Rapid sequence intubation
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Disability
- Medical treatment of brain injury
- Intravenous fluids
- Correction of anticoagulation
- Tranexamic acid
- Transfusion in TBI
- Management of elevated ICP
- Body positioning
- Hyperosmolar agents
- Hyperventilation
- Temperature management
- Sedation and analgesia
- Seizure management
- Corticosteroids
- Calcium channel blockers
- Conclusions and future directions
- Case 1
- Case 2
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of advanced trauma life support
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 6: Neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodological issues related to the neuropsychiatric assessment
- Classification of the main neuropsychiatric disorders
- A brief consideration of possible interventions
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
- Summary points
- References
- Section B: Clinical features of traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 7: Cerebral hemorrhages in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- The BBB and NVC after TBI
- NVC, TBI, and aging
- Vascular pathophysiology after TBI
- TBI hemorrhage identification and localization
- Differential etiology of TBI-related hemorrhages
- (Epi)genetic risk for hemorrhage after experimental TBI
- Novel approaches for TBI CMB neuroimaging CMBs
- TBI hemorrhages and AD
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebral hemorrhages after traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 8: Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy prophylaxis, and traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fibrinogen
- TBI-induced coagulation/fibrinolysis cascade
- Time course of fibrinogen concentration in the acute phase of TBI
- Fibrinogen concentration and outcome in TBI
- Therapeutic target level of fibrinogen
- Measurements of fibrinogen
- Correlation between fibrinogen and fibrinolytic parameters
- Treatment by replenishment of fibrinogen
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts about fibrinogen
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 9: Linking traumatic brain injury and nosocomial infections
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of ventilatory-associated pneumonia
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 10: Long-term sequelae of mild-repetitive and severe traumatic brain injury: Clinical manifestations, neuropathology and diagnosis by tau PET imaging
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Clinical symptoms and neuropathology of chronic states of TBI
- Growing need for neuroimaging biomarkers of chronic pathologies of TBI
- PET imaging of TBI with first-generation tau PET tracers
- Challenges for quantification of tau load in TBI by tau PET imaging
- Development of second-generation tau PET tracer
- PET imaging of TBI with second-generation tau PET tracer
- Future directions of research
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Key facts of neurodegenerative diseases following TBI
- Key facts of tau PET imaging
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 11: Evaluating the integrity of white matter after traumatic brain injury and the utility of diffusion tensor imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The vulnerable white matter tracts in TBI
- Clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of injury to white matter
- Key facts of clinical and neurophysiological assessment after TBI
- DTI: A primer
- DTI and the white matter integrity
- Key facts of DTI
- DTI sequences and analysis tools: Strengths and weaknesses
- Moderate-to-severe TBI: DTI Study
- DTI in special populations: Mild TBI and blast-induced TBI
- Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with TBI
- Limitation of DTI as a clinical tool
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 12: Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction: Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
- The neural basis of attention and working memory
- Developmental changes in brain networks
- Disruptions following TBI
- Structural and functional changes following TBI
- Modulating cortical activations in TBI using non-invasive brain stimulation
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of working memory and attention
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 13: Traumatic brain injury: Linking intracranial pressure, arterial pressure, and the pressure reactivity index
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Cerebral autoregulation
- Development of the pressure reactivity index (PRx)
- Association of PRx with outcomes
- PRx in targeted therapy
- Limitation of PRx
- Future of cerebrovascular reactivity
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebrovascular reactivity in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 14: Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Defining cerebral perfusion pressure
- Cerebral autoregulation
- CBF variability in TBI
- CPP targets in TBI
- Future directions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of CPP thresholds in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 15: Brain swelling in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- Introduction
- Historical background
- Overview on the blood–brain barrier
- The pathogenesis of brain edema
- Clinical translation
- Clinical classification
- Conclusion(s)
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebral edema
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 16: Post-coma syndrome in the context of severe acquired brain injury: Traumatic brain injury and beyond
- Abstract
- Definition issues
- Prognostic indicators
- Sequelae of severe Acquired BRAIN Injury (sABI)
- Intervention—A multidisciplinary approach
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of post-coma syndrome
- Summary points
- References
- Section C: Diagnosis and evaluation
- Chapter 17: Features of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and its applications for traumatic brain injury assessment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- ICF framework
- WHODAS 2.0
- Reliability
- Validity
- Current research on the use of the WHODAS 2.0 in TBI care
- Evaluation of post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild TBI
- Association between history of lifetime TBI and disabling functional restrictions
- Assessment of chronic TBI with the WHODAS 2.0
- Psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0
- Prediction of institutionalization among patients with TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other neuroscience fields
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 18: Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic injury: The brain and beyond
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
- Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury
- Biomarkers and neuroimaging
- Biomarkers as predictors of severity and prognosis of TBI
- Biomarkers predicting late sequalae of TBI in children
- Recognizing abusive trauma
- Applications to other areas of neurosciences
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury
- Key facts of biomarkers
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 19: Brain injury biomarkers: Proteins and autoantibodies interplay
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The immunological cascade of events post-TBI
- Autoantibodies as biomarkers in TBI: An overview
- B-lymphocytes as a therapeutic target post-TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience: The efficacy of GFAP in assessing the diagnostic power of different neuroimaging modalities
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key-facts of TBI biomarkers
- Key facts of the glymphatic system (GS)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 20: Chitinase-3-like protein 1: Features and applications as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preclinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
- Clinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
- Future directions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of CHI3L1: Features and applications as a biomarker in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 21: microRNA biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: A new narrative
- Abstract
- Conflicts of interest
- Introduction
- Characteristics of the ideal biomarker
- Unique properties of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
- Measurement of miRNAs
- The response of miRNAs to TBI
- Use of miRNAs for mTBI diagnosis
- Predicting TBI outcomes with miRNAs
- Clinical management of mTBI
- Top miRNA candidates
- Future directions for miRNA research in TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 22: Pediatric minor head injury imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Imaging
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of concussions
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 23: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in acute traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Physical basis for transcranial Doppler ultrasound
- Technical features and ultrasound neurovascular anatomy
- Cerebrovascular disorders in severe traumatic brain injury
- TCD peculiarities in certain clinical forms of traumatic brain injury
- TCD-patterns at traumatic ICH
- TCD-patterns after surgical removal of ICH
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of transcranial Doppler ultrasound
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 24: Computed tomography assessment of brain swelling
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Parameters to evaluate brain swelling in computed tomography
- Marshall scale
- Rotterdam scale
- Criteria to guide practical management
- Special conditions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Key facts of brain swelling and computed tomography
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 25: Machine learning and prediction of traumatic brain injury mortality
- Abstract
- Introduction
- TBI mortality
- Predicting TBI mortality
- Predictors of outcome
- Prognostic models
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 26: Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A focus on screening, diagnosis, and treatment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Screening of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Treatment of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of screening strategies, diagnostic and treatment modalities of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Section D: Treatments: Experimental and clinical
- Chapter 27: European aspects of guidelines used in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Current data update and analysis
- Other areas of neuroscience
- Discussion
- Mini dictionary terms
- Key facts of adherence of guidelines for treatment of severe head injury
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 28: Anesthesia in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative management
- Anesthetic management
- Postoperative sequelae
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of anesthetics for injured brain
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 29: Treatment of raised intracranial pressure in traumatic head injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Analysis of the treatment during the so called “brain decade”
- Intracranial pressure monitoring
- Role of the cranial decompression
- Role of the ultrasound. Transcranial Doppler TCD
- Discussion
- Applications in other areas of neuroscience
- Mini dictionary terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 30: Seizures after traumatic brain injury and their treatment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of TBI-induced epileptogenesis
- Early intervention after TBI to prevent PTS and PTE
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Kay facts of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 31: Neurosurgical treatment of critical brain damage: The early post-surgical period and algorithms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Critical damage: Physiological features and surgical treatment nuances
- “Damage control”: A path between the Scylla and the Charybdis
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of the surgical treatment of polytraumazed patient with TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 32: Hypertonic saline usage in traumatic brain injury: A focus on pediatrics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Overview of traumatic brain injury and hyperosmolar therapy
- History and evolution of the use of HTS for TBI
- Pathophysiology/mechanism of HTS use for TBI
- Current use of HTS in the pediatric clinical setting
- Literature review
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of TBI in children
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 33: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Arterial lesions: Dissections and pseudoaneurysms
- Endovascular treatment of traumatic aneurysms
- Therapeutic arterial occlusion
- Carotid-cavernous fistula
- Treatment
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic head injury
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 34: Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Airway pressure release ventilation
- Positive end expiratory pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
- APRV in traumatic brain injury
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of APRV in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 35: Linking death, the paranasal sinuses, and traumatic head trauma
- Abstract
- Key points
- Introduction
- The significance of the paranasal sinuses
- Anatomy of paranasal sinuses
- Management: A change in surgical paradigm
- History and physical examination
- Imaging of paranasal sinus trauma
- Pathogenesis
- Cerebral perfusion pressure
- Oxidative stress
- Blood–brain barrier disruption
- The debate about the protective effect of the paranasal sinuses
- Music and paranasal sinus
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of paranasal sinuses
- Key facts of crumple zone
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 36: Cannabidiol in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cannabidiol targets
- Phytocannabinoids
- Neuroprotective role of cannabidiol
- Cannabidiol in TBI-related anxiety and depression
- Cannabidiol in TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder-related aggression
- Cannabidiol in TBI-related gut microbiota dysfunctions
- Cannabidiol and clinical trials
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cannabidiol
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 37: Valproic acid: A new narrative on its features and effects in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Background
- Epigenetic changes following TBI
- Valproic acid: A histone deacetylase inhibitor
- Effects of valproic acid in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury
- Underlying mechanisms of VPA-neuroprotection
- Dosing, safety, and future work
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury and valproic acid
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 38: Dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Omega-3 fatty acids
- Creatine
- Vitamins
- Zinc
- Magnesium
- Other dietary supplements for TBI
- Promising dietary supplements for TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Omega-3 fatty acids
- Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Sports induced TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Section E: Rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 39: Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- CR strategies
- Virtual reality
- VR advantages and application in CR
- VR in TBI CR: Current knowledge
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of virtual reality
- Key fact for cognitive rehabilitation
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 40: How the elderly and young compare in response to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Characteristics of young and elderly patients with TBI
- Assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
- Comparison of responses to rehabilitation in the elderly and young patients with TBI
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts on DTI
- Key facts on fMRI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 41: Rehabilitation of social cognition after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- First historical programs: Rehabilitation of social cognition in other pathologies
- Rehabilitation of social cognition in traumatic patients with brain injury
- Rehabilitation programs of interpersonal and communication skills of theory of mind
- Multi-component rehabilitation programs of social cognition
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of rehabilitation in social cognition
- References
- Chapter 42: Psycho-educational intervention on caregivers within the rehabilitation process: From the post-acute to the homecoming phases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Caregivers as primary resources within the neuro-rehabilitation process
- Caregiver as victims themselves of the brain injury occurred to their loved one
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of psycho-educational intervention
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 43: Recommended resources and sites for the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Resources
- Other resources
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Volume 2: Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Section A: Setting the scene: The spectrum of traumatic brain injuries
- Chapter 1: Fall-related traumatic brain injuries in older adults: The role of the neck
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Role of neck muscles in TBI prevention
- Effects of aging on neck muscles
- Potential rehabilitation strategies
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Key facts of fall-related traumatic brain injuries
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 2: The implications of sex and gender in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Conceptual considerations
- Basic science and preclinical research
- Clinical and population-based research
- Population-based research
- Implications for translational research and medicine
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of sex/gender influences in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 3: Sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
- Abstract
- Sport-related concussion
- Monitoring head impact exposure in contact sports
- Concussion and head impact exposure in soccer
- Concussion and head impact exposure in ice hockey
- Concussion and head impact exposure in American football
- Summary
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 4: Traumatic brain injury and molecular biology: A new narrative
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Excitatory mechanisms post TBI
- Neuroinflammation
- Mitochondrial injury post TBI
- Cell death mechanisms post TBI
- Long-term sequelae of TBI
- Clinical implications of understanding the molecular mechanisms of TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of pCaMKII
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 5: Features of decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: History, effects, management, and new trends
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History of decompressive craniectomy
- Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intra-cranial pressure and brain perfusion
- Decompressive craniectomy: Surgical techniques
- Evidences on decompressive craniectomy for management of intra-cranial hypertension in TBI. The randomized controlled trials
- New trends in management of post-traumatic intra-cranial hypertension: Hinge/floating craniotomy and cisternostomy
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of decompressive craniectomy
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 6: Management of traumatic brain injury in accordance with contemporary guidelines: Treatment, monitoring, and thresholds
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Decompressive craniectomy
- Prophylactic hypothermia
- Hyperosmolar therapy
- Cerebrospinal fluid drainage
- Thresholds and monitoring in TBI
- Cerebral oxygenation
- Brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PbtO2)
- Cerebral microdialysis
- Conclusion
- Mini-dictionary
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Section B: Cellular and molecular aspects of traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 7: Insights into the pathological role of neuroinflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Secondary cellular injury
- Astrocytes
- Acute neuroinflammation
- Role of inflammatory mediators in neuroinflammation
- Future direction of anti‑inflammation as a therapy for traumatic brain injury
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 8: Seizures in traumatic brain injury: A focus on cellular aspects
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Incidence of seizure following TBI
- Pathogenesis of seizure following TBI
- Acute phase
- Sub-acute phase
- Chronic/latent phase
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of seizure in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 9: Linking traumatic brain injury, neural stem, and progenitor cells
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neural stem and progenitor cells and neurogenesis in development
- Adult neurogenesis and TBI
- Development of therapeutics: Standard care, challenges and prospective treatments
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 10: Microglia in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Microglia-resident immune cells in the brain with various morphologies
- Microglial polarization (M1-like vs M2-like)
- Heterogeneity of M1-like and M2-like polarization following TBI
- Potential implications of microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation following TBI
- Post-traumatic epilepsy
- Chronic neurodegeneration
- Psychosocial problems
- Microglial priming after TBI
- Areas for future investigation
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of microglia in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 11: Dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Synapse structure and function
- Potential mechanisms underlying dendritic spine damage after TBI
- Treatments for dendritic spine dysfunction after TBI
- Future directions of research for treatment of TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 12: Aging, the immune response, and traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The burden of TBI in geriatric populations
- How aging affects the central nervous system
- Aging influences the immune system
- Vascular aging and inflammation
- Neuroinflammation is an influential secondary injury mechanism in TBI
- Aging affects TBI through neuroinflammation
- Aging may influence TBI through other mechanisms
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of immunosenescence
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 13: The adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury: A focus on T and B lymphocytes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Innate and adaptive immunity
- Acute and chronic lymphocytic response in TBI
- Consequence of a persistent adaptive immune response after injury
- Therapeutic avenues
- Systemic immunosuppression in TBI
- Auto-reactivity following CNS injury
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of the adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 14: The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The number of Tregs correlates with clinical outcome of TBI
- Frequency and regulation of Tregs in animal models of TBI
- Tregs attenuate immune responses in the acute phase of experimental TBI
- Cell therapeutic approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
- Pharmacological approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
- Clinical studies evaluating effects of EPO and atorvastatin in TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of “The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury”
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 15: The role of the chemokine prokineticin 2 in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- PK2 is upregulated after traumatic brain injury
- Enhanced expression of PK2 is part of the response to traumatic brain injury
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 16: The role of Na+,K+-ATPase on TBI-induced physiopathology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Structural characteristics of Na+,K+-ATPase in the central nervous system
- Role of Na+,K+-ATPase in the mobility and synaptic transmission
- TBI progress and Na+,K+-ATPase activity
- Concluding remarks and perspectives
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of Na+,K+-ATPase
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 17: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes, and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Structure, function and regulation
- PDHC in human pathologies
- PDHC in TBI
- Changes in gene and protein expressions of PDHC, PDP, PDK and TCA cycle enzymes after graded TBI
- Post-traumatic dynamics of cellular energetics
- Clinical implications and therapeutic targeting
- Concluding remarks
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of “pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury”
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 18: Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the vascular system
- Role of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in the brain
- Roles of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in TBI
- Candidate drugs for TBI that activate the Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway in the brain
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of Angiopoietin
- Key facts of Tie-2
- Key facts of the blood-brain barrier
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 19: Brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in severe traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Main text
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 20: Comparing radiation and traumatic brain injuries: New insights
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Different subsections of the main text
- Structural changes in brain parenchyma resulting from TBI and radiation-induced brain injury
- Structural changes in the vascular endothelium resulting from TBI or RBI
- Activation of inflammatory responses following TBI and RBI
- Inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response
- Renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE I, and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers
- Diagnostics for TBI and RBI: Neural proteins released into blood compartment following brain injuries
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 21: Sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Review of axon structure
- Cellular models of axon stretch injury and sodium handling
- Sodium interaction with cellular-level calcium
- Voltage-gated sodium channels and spectrin
- Longer term ionic effects of injury: Altered Nav expression and distribution in TBI
- Multiple injuries and the effects on sodium
- Interaction with and role of potassium
- In vivo evidence of sodium derangement from sodium magnetic resonance imaging in human TBI subjects
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 22: WNT genes and their roles in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The epigenome during regeneration of the nervous system
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of transcription
- Summary points
- References
- Section C: Physiological and metabolic effects
- Chapter 23: Circuit reorganization after diffuse axonal injury: Utility of the whisker barrel circuit
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Circuit damage and recovery: Adaptive and maladaptive responses
- Neuroplasticity
- Whisker barrel circuit (WBC)
- Chronic post-traumatic morbidity in the WBC
- Rehabilitation and recovery
- Conclusions, outlook, and challenges
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of brain injury circuit reorganization
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 24: Neuroendocrine abnormalities following traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pituitary gland physiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevalence
- Risk factors
- Associations
- Clinical course
- Signs and symptoms
- Corticotropin deficiency
- Thyrotropin deficiency
- Gonadotropin deficiency
- Hyperprolactinemia
- Growth hormone deficiency
- DI and SIADH
- Neuroimaging
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of confounding symptoms in traumatic brain injury with post-traumatic hypopituitarism
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 25: Thyroid hormone actions in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the brain
- Neuroprotective actions of thyroid hormones in TBI
- Thyroid hormones in TBI patients
- Diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction in TBI patients
- Future perspectives
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of thyroid hormone actions in the setting of traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 26: Testosterone: Features and role in treating traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Traumatic brain injury: From epidemiology to pituitary dysfunction
- Testosterone synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction
- Testosterone implications for brain trauma
- Conclusion
- Testosterone applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of testosterone use in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 27: The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism
- Empty sella syndrome secondary to TBI and associated hypopituitarism
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of “The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles”
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 28: Traumatic brain injury: Inter-relationship with sleep
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sleep physiology
- Types of sleep disturbance associated with TBI
- TBI-induced damage to sleep associated brain regions
- TBI-induced inflammation can affect sleep
- Severity and circumstance of injury can affect the patient’s sleep
- Conclusion/future directions
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 29: Puberty and traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Endocrine disruptions in juveniles following TBI
- Puberty
- Delayed puberty
- Precocious puberty
- HPG axis
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin
- Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
- Testosterone and estrogen
- Growth hormone
- Timing of brain injury on puberty
- Possible mechanisms of TBI-induced damage leading to pubertal dysfunction
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of puberty and traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 30: Role of endocannabinoids in the escalation of alcohol use following traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Initial pathophysiology of TBI: Mechanical injury exacerbated by neuroinflammation
- TBI-induced synaptic hyperexcitability
- TBI and alcohol consumption
- Possible mechanisms of post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking
- Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat the biobehavioral consequences of TBI
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 31: Imaging connectivity and functional brain networks in mild traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Resting state fMRI—The basics
- Data acquisition and processing
- Analytical approaches to functional connectivity through rsfMRI
- RsfMRI changes in early phase of injury
- Challenges related to rsfMRI evaluation of TBI data
- Future prospects
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 32: Multi-shell diffusion MR imaging and brain microstructure after mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on working memory
- Abstract
- Introduction
- dMRI and MTBI
- Working memory and dMRI
- Summary
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 33: Monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neuromonitoring techniques
- Pediatric TBI guidelines
- Data integration
- Integration and visualization of multi-modal neurologic monitoring systems
- Clinical decision support
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
- Summary points of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
- References
- Chapter 34: Blood gas, arterial, and end-tidal carbon dioxide in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The importance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in cerebral blood flow regulation
- Clinical concerns related to hypocapnia
- Basics of capnography
- Current recommendations of ventilation therapies from Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for sever TBI management
- Capnography monitoring in adult severe TBI care
- Utility and reliability of capnography monitoring in pre-hospital TBI care
- Capnography monitoring in pediatric TBI care
- Reliability of EtCO2 as a surrogate for PaCO2 in PICU
- Agreement between PaCO2 and EtCO2 in hospitalized pediatric TBI
- Future direction: Role of transcutaneous PCO2 to estimate PaCO2
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of how CO2 change brain blood flow and how we measure it
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 35: Disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in traumatic brain injury: The role of changes in microcirculatory biomarkers
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Blood viscosity impairment
- Glia-mediated edema and capillary compression
- Pericyte dysfunction
- Vasoactive blood derivatives
- Neurovascular coupling disorder
- Intracranial hypertension and vascular wall tonus
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebral microcirculation
- Key facts of human blood
- Summary points
- References
- Section D: Behavioral and psychological aspects
- Chapter 36: Social cognition in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Theoretical model of Cassel et al. (2016)
- Social cognition components
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- References
- Chapter 37: Physical exercise: Effects on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Effects of physical exercise on the brain after a traumatic brain injury
- Traumatic brain injury, physical exercise and cognition: Lessons from animal research
- Cognitive effects of physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Clinical studies
- How to improve effective crosstalk between animal research and the clinical setting?
- Final remark
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 38: Traumatic axonal injury as a key driver of the relationship between traumatic brain injury, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia
- Abstract
- Defining traumatic brain injury: Severity and type of precipitating injury
- Detecting traumatic axonal injury
- Mechanisms of injury in TAI: Primary versus secondary axotomy
- Degenerative changes in axons persist long-term following injury
- TAI and cognitive dysfunction
- Increased dementia risk following TBI: The role of TAI
- Accumulation of amyloid beta within axons following TAI
- Accumulation of tau within axons following TAI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts about traumatic axonal injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 39: Neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cognitive functioning after pediatric TBI
- Emotional and behavioral functioning after pediatric TBI
- Long-term sequelae of pediatric TBI
- Current limitations of existing research
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 40: Behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Guanosine as a potential therapy on traumatic brain injury
- Cellular targets in neuroprotection of guanosine
- Perspectives and conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 41: Recognizing emotions and effects of traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Emotion perception in TBI
- Emotion recognition: Different stimuli and tasks
- Multiple sensory channels
- The valence’s effect
- The physiological responsivity
- Neural correlates of facial recognition impairment in TBI patients
- The effects of emotion’s perception deficit on social cognition
- Emotion perception deficits predict functional outcome
- Interaction between emotion recognition, social cognition, and non-social cognition
- Conclusion
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of emotion perception
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 42: Cognitive communication connections and higher-level language with traumatic brain-injured population
- Abstract
- TBI and higher-level language introduction
- Figurative language skills, inferencing, proverbs, and TBI
- Framework and language deficits connections
- Prosody and TBI
- Working memory and traumatic brain injury
- Attention and TBI
- Working memory and language
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of higher-level language
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 43: Self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury: From impairment of self-awareness to psychological adjustment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Theoretical frameworks and explanatory models of ISA
- The assessment of ISA
- The dual aspect of reporting a functional problem after sTBI: From ISA to denial
- The neuro-rehabilitation of ISA
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of impairment in self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 44: Disentangling antecedents from consequences of traumatic brain injury: The need for prospective longitudinal studies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Aggressive behavior and criminal offending observed in samples of TBI patients
- Comparing TBI patients and healthy individuals within birth or population cohorts
- TBIs in samples of criminal offenders
- Do TBIs sustained in early childhood increase the risk of subsequent conduct problems?
- Childhood conduct problems and accidents
- Do conduct problems and inattention-hyperactivity in middle childhood increase the risk of subsequent TBIs?
- Why or how would childhood CP increase the risk of accidents and TBIs?
- Could treatments for CP and inattention reduce the risk of TBIs?
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts about TBIs
- Key facts about childhood conduct problems and inattention
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 45: The link between sleep and quality of life in childhood traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Prevalence and assessment of sleep–wake disturbances in child TBI
- Proposed causes of SWD in child TBI
- Sleep outcomes in childhood TBI
- Factors associated with SWD in child TBI
- Quality of life in childhood TBI
- Sleep and QoL in childhood TBI: Gaps in the literature
- Conclusion
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts about sleep and quality of life in children with TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Index for Volume 1
- Index for Volume 2
- No. of pages: 1168
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 27, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323995757
RR
Rajkumar Rajendram
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.
Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.
VP
Victor R Preedy
CR