The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Respiratory System, Volume 3

SECTION 1 ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

1.1 Respiratory System

1.2 Bony Thorax

1.3 Rib Characteristics and Costovertebral Articulations

1.4 Anterior Thoracic Wall

1.5 Anterior Thoracic Wall (Continued)

1.6 Anterior Thoracic Wall: Internal View

1.7 Dorsal Aspect of the Thorax

1.8 Dorsal Aspect of the Thorax: Posterior and Lateral Views

1.9 Intercostal Nerves and Arteries

1.10 Diaphragm (Viewed From Above)

1.11 Topography of the Lungs (Anterior View)

1.12 Topography of the Lungs (Posterior View)

1.13 Medial Surface of the Lungs

1.14 Bronchopulmonary Segments

1.15 Bronchopulmonary Segments in Relationship to Ribs

1.16 Relationships of the Trachea and Main Bronchi

1.17 Bronchial Arteries

1.18 Mediastinum: Right Lateral View

1.19 Mediastinum: Left Lateral View

1.20 Innervation of the Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree

1.21 Structure of the Trachea and Major Bronchi

1.22 Intrapulmonary Airways

1.23 Structure of Bronchi and Bronchioles: Light Microscopy

1.24 Ultrastructure of the Tracheal, Bronchial, and Bronchiolar Epithelium

1.25 Bronchial Submucosal Glands

1.26 Intrapulmonary Blood Circulation

1.27 Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit: Ultrastructure of Pulmonary Alveoli and Capillaries

1.28 Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit: Type II Alveolar Cell and Surface-Active Layer

1.29 Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit: Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium

1.30 Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs and Pleura

1.31 Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs and Pleura: Distribution of Lymphatics in Lungs and Pleura

1.32 Pulmonary Immunology: Lymphocytes, Mast Cells, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils

1.33 Pulmonary Stem Cells

1.34 Pulmonary Microbiome
Development of the Lower Respiratory System

1.35 Developing Respiratory Tract and Pharynx

1.36 Respiratory System at 5 to 6 Weeks

1.37 Respiratory System at 6 to 7 Weeks

1.38 Larynx, Tracheobronchial Tree, and Lungs at 7 to 10 Weeks

1.39 Sagittal Section at 6 to 7 Weeks

1.40 Transverse Section at 5 to 8 Weeks

1.41 Diaphragm at 5 to 6 Weeks

1.42 Terminal Air Tube

1.43 Alveolar-Capillary Relationships at Age 8 Years

1.44 Surfactant Effects

1.45 Physiology of the Perinatal Pulmonary Circulation

SECTION 2 PHYSIOLOGY
Pulmonary Mechanics and Gas Exchange

2.1 Muscles of Respiration

2.2 Spirometry: Lung Volume and Measurement

2.3 Determination of Functional Residual Capacity

2.4 Forces During Quiet Breathing

2.5 Measurement of Elastic Properties of the Lung

2.6 Surface Forces in the Lung

2.7 Elastic Properties of the Respiratory System: Lung and Chest Wall

2.8 Distribution of Airway Resistance

2.9 Trumpet Model and Resistance Versus Airway Generation

2.10 Patterns of Airflow

2.11 Expiratory Flow

2.12 Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity Maneuver

2.13 Work of Breathing

2.14 Pleural Pressure Gradient and Closing Volume

2.15 Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow

2.16 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

2.17 Pathways and Transfers of O2 and CO2

2.18 Blood Gas Relationships During Normal Ventilation and Alveolar Hypoventilation

2.19 Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

2.20 Shunts

2.21 Oxygen Transport

2.22 Role of Lungs and Kidneys in Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.23 Anion Gap

2.24 Response to Oxidant Signals and Injury
Lung Metabolism

2.25 Lung Metabolism

2.26 Inactivation of Circulating Vasoactive Substances
Control and Disorders of Respiration

2.27 Chemical Control of Respiration (Feedback Mechanism)

2.28 Neural Control of Breathing

2.29 Respiratory Response to Exercise

2.30 Effects of High Altitude on Respiratory Mechanism

2.31 Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation

2.32 Periodic Breathing (Cheyne-Stokes)

2.33 Sites of Pathologic Disturbances in Control of Breathing

SECTION 3 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

3.1 Tests of Pulmonary Function

3.2 Tests of Pulmonary Function (Continued)

3.3 Tests of Pulmonary Function (Continued)
Radiologic Examination of the Lungs

3.4 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Normal Posteroanterior and Lateral Views of Chest

3.5 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Lateral Decubitus View

3.6 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Technique of Helical Computed Tomography

3.7 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Right Bronchial Tree as Revealed by Bronchograms

3.8 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Left Bronchial Tree as Revealed by Bronchograms

3.9 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Pulmonary Angiography

3.10 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Images From a PET-CT Scanner

3.11 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Patterns of Lobar Collapse - Right Lung

3.12 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Patterns of Lobar Collapse - Left Lung

3.13 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Alveolar Versus Interstitial Disease

3.14 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Distribution of Pulmonary Nodules

3.15 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Alveolar Disease

3.16 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Radiographic Consolidation Patterns of Each Segment of Lungs (AP Views)

3.17 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

3.18 Radiologic Examination of the Lungs: Airway and Pleural Diseases

3.19 Abnormalities of the Chest Wall and Mediastinum

3.20 Thoracic Ultrasound Equipment and Examination Zones

3.21 Thoracic Ultrasound: A lines, B lines, Seashore Sign, Barcode Sign

3.22 Thoracic Ultrasound: Lung Point

3.23 Exhaled Breath Analysis
Endoscopic Procedures

3.24 Flexible Bronchoscopy

3.25 Bronchoscopic Views

3.26 Nomenclature for Peripheral Bronchi

3.27 Rigid Bronchoscopy

3.28 Endobronchial Ultrasonography

3.29 Mediastinotomy and Mediastinoscopy

SECTION 4 DISEASES AND PATHOLOGY
Congenital Lung Disease

4.1 Congenital Deformities of the Thoracic Cage

4.2 Kyphoscoliosis: Pathology

4.3 Kyphoscoliosis: Pulmonary Function

4.4 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

4.5 Tracheoesophageal Fistulas and Tracheal Anomalies

4.6 Pulmonary Agenesis, Aplasia, and Hypoplasia

4.7 Congenital Thoracic Malformations

4.8 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration

4.9 Congenital Lobar Overdistension

4.10 Chronic Cough
Laryngeal Disorders

4.11 Common Laryngeal Lesions

4.12 Laryngeal and Tracheal Stenosis

4.13 Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Bronchial Asthma

4.14 Allergic Asthma: Clinical Features

4.15 Nonallergic Asthma: Clinical Features

4.16 Common Precipitating Factors in Etiology of Bronchial Asthma

4.17 Variable Airflow Obstruction and Airway Hyperresponsiveness

4.18 Sputum in Bronchial Asthma

4.19 Skin Testing for Allergy

4.20 Representative Differential Diagnosis of Bronchial Asthma

4.21 Blood Gas and pH Relationships

4.22 Airway Pathophysiology in Asthma

4.23 Mechanism of Type 1 (Immediate) Hypersensitivity

4.24 Pathology of Severe Asthma

4.25 General Management Principles for Allergic Asthma

4.26 Mechanisms of Asthma Medications

4.27 Emergency Department Management of Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

4.28 Interrelationships of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

4.29 Interrelationships of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema (Continued)

4.30 Emphysema

4.31 Chronic Bronchitis

4.32 Mixed Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

4.33 Cor Pulmonale Caused by COPD

4.34 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

4.35 Anatomic Distribution of Emphysema

4.36 Centriacinar (Centrilobular) Emphysema

4.37 Panacinar (Panlobular) Emphysema

4.38 Role of Inflammation and Protease-Antiprotease Imbalance

4.39 Pulmonary Function in Obstructive Disease

4.40 Pathophysiology of Emphysema: Loss of Elastic Recoil and Hyperinflation

4.41 CT Scan of Lungs in COPD

4.42 Treatment Algorithm for COPD
Bronchiectasis

4.43 Bilateral Severe Bronchiectasis

4.44 Localized Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis

4.45 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis

4.46 Radiographic and Gross Anatomic Findings of the Lung in Cystic Fibrosis

4.47 Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical Aspects
Lung Cancer Overview

4.48 Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer

4.49 Classification of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

4.50 Trends in Death Rates, 1930–2019

4.51 Lung Cancer Staging

4.52 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

4.53 Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

4.54 Large Cell Carcinomas of the Lung

4.55 Small Cell Carcinomas of the Lung

4.56 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

4.57 Pancoast Tumor and Syndrome
Paraneoplastic Manifestations of Lung Cancer

4.58 Endocrine Manifestations of Lung Cancer

4.59 Neuromuscular and Connective Tissue Manifestations

4.60 Other Neoplasms of the Lung

4.61 Benign Tumors of the Lung

4.62 Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

4.63 Mediastinal Tumors: Anterior Mediastinum

4.64 Mediastinal Tumors: Middle Mediastinum and Posterior Mediastinum

4.65 Pulmonary Metastases
Pneumonia

4.66 Overview of Pneumonia

4.67 Pneumococcal Pneumonia

4.68 Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Continued)
Atypical Pathogen Pneumonia

4.69 Mycoplasma Pneumonia

4.70 Chlamydophila Psittaci Pneumonia

4.71 Legionella Pneumonia

4.72 Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia

4.73 Haemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia

4.74 Gram-Negative Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Community-Acquired Pneumonia

4.75 Influenza Virus and Its Epidemiology

4.76 Influenza Pneumonia

4.77 Varicella Pneumonia

4.78 Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia

4.79 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

4.80 COVID-19

4.81 Lung Abscess

4.82 Lung Abscess (Continued)

4.83 Overview of Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia: Risk Factors

4.84 Overview of Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia: Testing

4.85 Pneumonia in the Compromised Host

4.86 Pneumonia in the Compromised Host (Continued)

4.87 Actinomycosis

4.88 Nocardiosis

4.89 Histoplasmosis

4.90 Histoplasmosis (Continued)

4.91 Coccidioidomycosis

4.92 Blastomycosis

4.93 Paracoccidioidomycosis

4.94 Cryptococcosis

4.95 Aspergillosis
Tuberculosis

4.96 Dissemination of Tuberculosis

4.97 Evolution of Tubercle

4.98 Initial (Primary) Tuberculous Complex

4.99 Progressive Pathology

4.100 Extensive Cavitary Disease

4.101 Miliary Tuberculosis

4.102 Tuberculin Testing

4.103 Sputum Examination

4.104 Sputum Culture

4.105 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
Lung Diseases Caused by the Inhalation of Particles and Fumes

4.106 Overview of Inhalation Diseases

4.107 Silicosis

4.108 Silicosis (Continued)

4.109 Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis

4.110 Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diseases

4.111 Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diseases (Continued)

4.112 Beryllium

4.113 Pneumoconiosis Caused by Various Minerals and Mixed Dusts

4.114 Pneumoconiosis Caused by Various Minerals and Mixed Dusts (Continued)

4.115 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

4.116 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Continued)
Pulmonary Embolism and Venous Thromboembolism

4.117 Predisposing Factors for Pulmonary Embolism,

4.118 Sources of Pulmonary Emboli

4.119 Clinical Manifestations of Leg Vein Thrombosis

4.120 Ultrasound and CT in Diagnosis of Acute Venous Thromboembolism

4.121 Embolism of Lesser Degree Without Infarction

4.122 Pulmonary Infarction

4.123 Massive Embolization

4.124 Mechanical Defenses Against and Chronic Effects of Pulmonary Embolism

4.125 Special Situations and Extravascular Sources of Pulmonary Emboli
Pulmonary Hypertension

4.126 WHO Classification System of Pulmonary Hypertension

4.127 Pathology of Pulmonary Hypertension

4.128 Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension

4.129 Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Edema

4.130 Pulmonary Edema: Pathway of Normal Pulmonary Fluid Resorption

4.131 Pulmonary Edema: Some Etiologies and Hypotheses of Mechanisms
Pleural Effusion

4.132 Pathophysiology of Pleural Fluid Accumulation

4.133 Pleural Effusion in Heart Disease

4.134 Unexpandable Lung

4.135 Parapneumonic Effusion

4.136 Pleural Effusion in Malignancy

4.137 Chylothorax
Thoracic Injuries

4.138 Rib and Sternal Fractures

4.139 Flail Chest and Pulmonary Contusion
Pneumothorax

4.140 Tension Pneumothorax

4.141 Open (Sucking) Pneumothorax

4.142 Hemothorax

4.143 Pulmonary Laceration

4.144 Tracheobronchial Rupture

4.145 Traumatic Asphyxia

4.146 Diaphragmatic Injuries
Respiratory Distress Syndrome

4.147 Respiratory Distress Syndrome

4.148 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Continued)

4.149 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Continued)
Interstitial Lung Diseases

4.150 Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases: Classifications and Clinical Manifestations

4.151 Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases: HRCT and Pathologic Evaluation

4.152 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: Pulmonary Fibrosis

4.153 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: Nonspecific

4.154 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (Continued)

4.155 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (Continued)

4.156 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia

4.157 Alveolar Filling Disorders

4.158 Alveolar Filling Disorders (Continued)

4.159 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

4.160 Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases

4.161 Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases (Continued)

4.162 Sarcoidosis

4.163 Sarcoidosis (Continued)

4.164 Rheumatoid Arthritis

4.165 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)

4.166 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

4.167 Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

4.168 Pulmonary Vasculitis

4.169 Eosinophilic Pneumonia

4.170 Pulmonary Manifestations of Other Diseases

4.171 Pulmonary Manifestations of Other Diseases (Continued)

4.172 Sleep Medicine

4.173 Sleep-Disordered Breathing

4.174 Sleep-Disordered Breathing (Continued)
SECTION 5 THERAPIES AND THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
Pulmonary Pharmacology

5.1 Bronchodilators

5.2 Methylxanthines

5.3 Anticholinergics

5.4 Mode of Action of Corticosteroids

5.5 Using a Spacer for Inhaling Aerosolized Corticosteroids

5.6 Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids

5.7 Antileukotrienes

5.8 Inhaled Exposures

5.9 Cough Suppressants (Antitussive Agents)

5.10 Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Oxygen Therapy

5.11 Oxygen Therapy in Acute Respiratory Failure

5.12 Methods of Oxygen Administration

5.13 Oxygen Therapy in Chronic Respiratory Failure (Ambulatory and Home Use)
Airway Management

5.14 Introduction of Chest Drainage Tubes

5.15 Chest Draining Methods

5.16 Postural Drainage and Breathing Exercises

5.17 Upper Airway Obstruction and the Heimlich Maneuver

5.18 Opening and Securing the Airway Emergently

5.19 Endotracheal Intubation

5.20 Tracheostomy

5.21 Morbidity of Endotracheal Intubation, Cricothyroidotomy, and Tracheostomy

5.22 Endotracheal Suction

5.23 Mechanical Ventilation
Lung Surgery

5.24 Interventional Pulmonology

5.25 Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis

5.26 Removal of Mediastinal Tumors

5.27 Sublobar Resection

5.28 Lobectomy

5.29 Pneumonectomy

5.30 Pneumonectomy (Continued)

5.31 Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

5.32 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

5.33 Lung Transplantation

5.34 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation