The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Cardiovascular System

Section 1 - Anatomy

1. Thorax: Lungs In Situ: Anterior View
2. Thorax: Heart In Situ
3. Thorax: Mediastinum: Cross Section
4. Thorax: Pericardial Sac
5. Exposure of the Heart: Anterior Exposure
6. Exposure of the Heart: Base and Diaphragmatic Surfaces
7. Atria and Ventricles: Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
8. Atria and Ventricles: Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
9. Atria and Ventricles: Atria, Ventricles and Interventricular Septum
10. Valves: Cardiac Valves Open and Closed
11. Valves: Valves and Fibrous Skeleton of Heart
12. Specialized Conduction System of Heart
13. Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: Sternocostal and Diaphragmatic Surfaces
14. Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: Arteriovenous Variations
15. Innervation of Heart: Nerves of Heart
16. Innervation of Heart: Schema of Innervation

Section 2 - Physiology

1. Cardiovascular Examination: Events in the Cardiac Cycle: Left Ventricle
2. Cardiovascular Examination: Important Components of Cardiac Examination
3. Cardiovascular Examination: Positions for Cardiac Auscultation
4. Cardiovascular Examination: Areas of Cardiac Auscultation
5. Cardiovascular Examination: Murmurs
6. Neural and Humoral Regulation of Cardiac Function
7. Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
8. Cardiac Catheterization: Vascular Access
9. Cardiac Catheterization: Left-Sided Heart Catheterization
10. Cardiac Catheterization: Normal Saturations (O2) and Pressure
11. Cardiac Catheterizations: Examples of O2 and Pressure Findings and Pressure Tracings in Heart Diseases
12. Cardiac Catheterizations: Normal Cardiac Blood Flow During Inspiration and Expiration
13. Specialized Conduction System: Physiology of Specialized Conduction System
14. Specialized Conduction System: Electrical Activity of the Heart
15. Electrocardiogram
16. Electrocardiographic Leads and Reference Lines
17. Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization and Mean Instantaneous Vectors: Progression of Depolarization
18. Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization and Mean Instantaneous Vectors: End of Depolarization Followed by Repolarization
19. Axis Deviation in Normal Electrocardiogram
20. Atrial Enlargement
21. Ventricular Hypertrophy
22. Bundle Branch Block
23. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
24. Sinus and Atrial Arrhythmias
25. Premature Contraction
26. Sinus Arrest, Sinus Block, and Atrioventricular Block
27. Tachycardia, Fibrillation, and Atrial Flutter
28. Effect of Digitalis and Calcium/Potassium Levels on Electrocardiograms
29. Cardiac Pacing: Dual Chamber and Biventricular

Section 3 - Imaging

1. Radiology: Frontal Projection
2. Radiology: Right Anterior Oblique Projection
3. Radiology: Left Anterior Oblique Projection
4. Radiology: Lateral Projection
5. Angiocardiography: Anteroposterior Projection of Right-Sided Heart Structures
6. Angiocardiography: Lateral Projection of Right-Sided Heart Structures
7. Angiocardiography: Anteroposterior Projection of Left-Sided Heart Structures
8. Angiocardiography: Lateral Projection of Left-Sided Heart Structures
9. Catheter-Based Coronary Angiography: Right Coronary Artery: Arteriographic Views
10. Catheter-Based Coronary Angiography: Left Coronary Artery: Arteriographic Views
11. Intravascular Ultrasound
12. Transthoracic Cardiac Ultrasound
13. Doppler Echocardiography
14. Transesophageal Echocardiography
15. Exercise and Contrast Echocardiography
16. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
17. Ventriculography
18. Computed Tomographic Angiography: Cardiac Cycle and Calcium Contrast Studies
19. Computed Topographic Angiography: Interpretation
20. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
21. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Continued)

Section 4 – Embryology

1. Early Embryonic Development
2. Early Intraembryonic Vasculogenesis
3. Formation of the Heart Tube: One-Somite and Two-Somite Stages
4. Formation of the Heart Tube: Four-Somite and Seven-Somite Stages
5. Formation of the Heart Loop: 10-Somite and 14-Somite Stages
6. Formation of the Heart Loop: 20-Somite Stage
7. Formation of Cardiac Septa: Development of Ventricles and Atrioventricular Valves
8. Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 27 and 29 Days
9. Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 31 and 33 Days
10. Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 37 and 55 Days
11. Formation of the Cardiac Septa: Heart Tube Derivatives
12. Formation of the Cardiac Septa: Partitioning of the Heart Tube: Atrial Septation
13. Formation of the Cardiac: Embryonic Origins, Right and Left Sides
14. Development of Major Blood Vessels: 3, 4, and 10mm
15. Development of Major Blood Vessels: 14mm, 17mm, and at Term
16. Development of Major Blood Vessels: 4, 10, and 14mm
17. Development of Major Blood Vessels: 7mm, 24mm, and at Term
18. Fetal Circulation Pattern and Changes at Birth
19. Three Early Vascular Systems

Section 5 - Congenital Heart Disease

1. Physical Examination: Diagnostic Clues to Congenital Heart Disease
2. Cardiac Vein Anomalies
3. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
4. Surgery for Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
5. Anomalies of the Atria
6. Defects of the Atrial Septum: Anatomy
7. Defects of the Atrial Septum: Surgery
8. Defects of the Atrial Septum: Septal Occluder Device
9. Endocardial Cushion Defects: Anatomy and Embryology
10. Endocardial Cushion Defects: Surgery for Ostium Primum and Cleft Mitral Valve
11. Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Tricuspid Atresia
12. Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Glenn Surgery for Tricuspid Atresia
13. Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Ebstein's Anomaly
14. Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Types of Ebstein’s Anomaly
15. Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum
16. Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum (Continued)
17. Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum: Transatrial Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect
18. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Tetralogy of Fallot
19. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pathophysiology and Blalock-Taussig Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot
20. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Corrective Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot
21. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot
22. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Eisenmenger Complex and Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
23. Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis and Atresia
24. Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Aortic Atresia, Bicuspid Aortic Valve, and Aortic Vavular Stenosis
25. Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Fibrous and Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenoses
26. Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Norwood Correction of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
27. Transposition of the Great Vessels
28. Transposition of the Great Vessels: Mustard and Blalock-Hanlon Operations
29. Transposition of the Great Vessels: Balloon Atrial Septostomy and Arterial Repair of Transpoistion of the Great Arteries
30. Transposition of the Great Vessels With Inversion of the Ventricles
31. Anomalies of the Truncus Septum
32. Anomalous Left Coronary Artery and Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva
33. Anomalous Coronary Arteries Seen in Adult Patients
34. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Patent Ductus Arteriosus
35. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery
36. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Double Aortic Arch and Right Aortic Arch Anomalies
37. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Anomalous Origins of the Pulmonary Artery
38. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Anatomic Features of Aortic Coarctation in Older Children and Neonates
39. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Coarctation of Aorta
40. Endocardial Fibroelastosis and Glycogen Storage Disease

Section 6 - Acquired Heart Disease

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

1. Structure of Coronary Arteries
2. Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
3. Risk Factors in Etiology of Atherosclerosis
4. Pathologic Changes in Coronary Artery Disease
5. End-Organ Damage by Vascular Disease
6. Unstable Plaque Formation
7. Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis

CHRONIC ANGINA

8. Overview of Myocardial Ischemia
9. Angina Pectoris
10. Detection of Myocardial Ischemia
11. Degree of Flow-Limiting Stenoses
12. Left-Sided Heart Angiography
13. Fractional Flow Reserve
14. Chronic Angina Revascularization Procedures: Stent Deployment
15. Chronic Angina Revascularization Procedures: Rotational Atherectomy and Distal Protection Device

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES

16. Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes
17. Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart
18. Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)
19. Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)
20. Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)
21. Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction: First Day to Several Weeks
22. Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction: Effects of Myocardial Ischemia, Injury and Infarction on ECG
23. Recanalization of Occluded Coronary Artery in Acute Myocardial Infarction
24. Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation

ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

25. Rheumatic Fever in Sydenham’s Chorea: Infection, Disease Course, and Heart Muscle
26. Rheumatic Fever in Sydenham’s Chorea: Noncardiac Manifestations
27. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Acute Pericarditis and Myocarditis
28. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Acute Valvular Involvement
29. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Residual Changes of Acute Rheumatic Carditis
30. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Pathologic Anatomy
31. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects
32. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Secondary Anatomic Effects
33. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Secondary Pulmonary Effects
34. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications
35. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications: Principal Sites of Embolism from Left Artial Thrombosis
36. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications: Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty
37. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Regurgitation
38. Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects
39. Mitral Valve Clip
40. Mitral Valve Repair
41. Mitral Valve Prolapse

AORTIC AND VASCULAR DISEASE

42. Aortic Stenosis: Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Causes
43. Aortic Stenosis: Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Causes (Continued)
44. Aortic Regurgitation: Pathology
45. Aortic Regurgitation: Pathology (Continued)
46. Transcutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement
47. Cystic Medial Necrosis of Aorta
48. Cystic Medial Necrosis of Aorta: Surgical Management
49. Syphilitic Aortic Disease

PROSTHETIC VALVE SURGERY

50. First Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves
51. Second Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves and Biologic Valves
52. Mitral Valve Replacement
53. Aortic Valve Replacement
54. Excision of Aortic Aneurysm and Replacement of Aortic Valve for Cystic Medial Necrosis
55. Multiple Valve Replacement
56. Insertion of Trileaflet Aortic Valve
57. Aortic Valve Biologic Grafts

TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE

58. Tricuspid Stenosis and Regurgitation and Multivalvular Disease
59. Tricuspid Stenosis and/or Insufficiency

MYOCARDITIS, AMYLOID, AND OTHER CARDIOMYOPATHIES

60. Amyloidosis
61. Septic Myocarditis
62. Diphtheritic and Viral Myocarditis
63. Myocarditis in Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma
64. Idiopathic Myocarditis
65. Endomyocardial Fibrosis
66. Löffler’s Endocarditis
67. Becker’s Disease
68. Beriberi
69. Cardiomyopathies
70. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and the Heart
71. Substance Abuse and the Heart

PERICARDIAL DISEASE

72. Presentation and Treatment of Pericarditis
73. Etiologies of Pericarditis
74. Constrictive Pericarditis

ACUTE AND CHRONIC COR PULMONALE AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM

75. Acute Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Embolism: Massive Embolization
76. Acute Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism of Lesser Degree Without Infarction
77. Lesions That May Cause Pulmonary Hypertension and Chronic Cor Pulmonale
78. Chronic Cor Pulmonale
79. Deep Vein Thrombosis

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

80. Infective Endocarditis: Portals of Entry and Predisposing Lesion
81. Early Lesions of Infective Endocarditis
82. Advanced Lesions of Infective Endocarditis
83. Right-Side Heart Involvement in Infective Endocarditis
84. Cardiac Sequelae of Infective Endocarditis
85. Mycotic Aneurysms and Emboli in the Heart
86. Remote Embolic Effects of Infective Endocarditis
87. Nonbacterial Thrombotic (Marantic) Endocarditis

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND HYPOTHERMIA THERAPY

88. External Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
89. Internal Cardiac Massage
90. Defibrillation

CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE

91. Rheumatoid Arthritis
92. Ankylosing Spondylitis
93. Polymyositis and Dermatomyocytis
94. Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)
95. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND CARDIAC DISEASE

96. Acromegaly
97. Hyperthyroidism: Thyrotoxicosis
98. Hypothyroidism: Myxedema
99. Cushing’s Syndrome
100. Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
101. Pheochromocytoma

HEART TUMORS

102. Myxoma and Rhabdomyoma
103. Metastatic Tumors of the Heart

HYPERTENSION

104. Hypertension Regulation: Interdependent and Interacting Factors in Blood Pressure Regulation
105. Etiology of Hypertension
106. Hypertension Regulation: Renin–Angiotensin System
107. Hypertension Regulation: Wave Reflection and Isolated Systolic Hypertension
108. Causes of Secondary Hypertension Possibly Amenable to Surgery
109. Retinal Changes in Hypertension
110. Occlusive Disease of Main Renal Artery
111. Occlusive Disease of Main Renal Artery (Continued)
112. Kidneys and Hypertension
113. Heart Disease in Hypertension
114. Heart Disease in Hypertension (Continued)
115. Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure Disease
116. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

117. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
118. Myotonic Dystrophy
119. Friedreich’s Ataxia
120. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

PENETRATING AND NONPENETRATING HEART TRAUMA

121. Cardiac Tamponade in Penetrating Heart Wounds
122. Relative Distribution of Penetrating Heart Wounds
123. Variable Course of Penetrating Heart Wounds
124. Thoracotomy and Cardiorrhaphy
125. Thoracotomy and Cardiorrhaphy (Continued)
126. Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Pathogeneis and Variable Course of Cardiac Contusion
127. Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Myocardial Rupture and Valvular Injuries
128. Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Mechanism of Sudden Cardiac Death in Commotio Cordis

PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION PROCEDURES

129. Percutaneous Approaches to Reduce Cerebral Emboli
130. Cerebrovascular Emboli Protection Device
131. Interventional Approaches to Peripheral Arterial Disease

HEART FAILURE

132. Right-Sided and Left-Sided Heart Failure and Systemic Congestion: Physical Examination
133. Right-Sided and Left-Sided Heart Failure in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Pulmonary Congestion
134. Pulmonary Congestion or Edema of Cardiac and Other Origins
135. Causes and Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema
136. Cardiac Origins of Peripheral or Systemic Congestion or Edema
137. Therapy for Pulmonary Edema and Paroxysmal Dyspnea
138. Biventricular Pacing and Intracardiac Defibrillator: Benefit of Biventricular Pacing
139. Biventricular Pacing and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
140. Diastolic Heart Failure
141. Heart Transplantation: Orthotopic Biatrial Cardiac Transplantation
142. Heart Transplantation: Bicaval Cardiac Transplantation
143. Heart Transplantation: HeartMate XVE and II Left Ventricular Assist Systems

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN YOUNG ATHLETES

144. Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

SYNCOPE

145. Management of Syncope

PARASITIC DISEASE AND THE HEART

146. Trichinosis
147. Chagas Disease (Trypanosomiasis)
148. Amebic Pericarditis
149. Echinococcus Infection and Hydatid Pericarditis