The Lymphatic System in Colorectal Cancer

Basic Concepts, Pathology, Imaging, and Treatment Perspectives

1st Edition - February 11, 2022
Editor: Wim Ceelen
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 2 9 7 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 2 9 8 - 8

The Lymphatic System in Colorectal Cancer: Basic Concepts, Pathology, Imaging, and Treatment Perspectives provides an in-depth overview on the role of the lymphatic system in… Read more

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The Lymphatic System in Colorectal Cancer: Basic Concepts, Pathology, Imaging, and Treatment Perspectives provides an in-depth overview on the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of colorectal cancer. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the lymphatic system in colorectal cancer, with topics ranging from cancer biology and mathematical modeling to surgical approaches and novel imaging techniques. This book is valuable for cancer researchers, oncologists and anyone interested in the biology and treatment of colorectal cancer. Bringing together internationally renowned experts, the book's chapters encompass relevant content to help readers understand complex subjects.

Lymphatic spread is one of the hallmarks of locally advanced colorectal cancer that adversely affects prognosis. Nevertheless, the molecular pathogenesis, dynamics and prognostic significance of lymphatic spread remain poorly understood. At the same time, novel surgical approaches such as complete mesocolic excision and sentinel node identification are being introduced, but their value remains uncertain.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section 1: Basic concepts
Chapter 1. Hypoxic signaling in lymphatic colorectal cancer metastasis
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hypoxic signaling in the tumor microenvironment
1.3 Hypoxia and metastatic dissemination
1.4 Therapeutic perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 2. Biomechanical aspects of the normal and cancer-associated lymphatic system
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomechanics of the normal lymphatic system
2.3 Biomechanics of lymphatic metastasis
2.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 3. Mechanisms of lymphatic spread in colon cancer: insights from molecular and genetic studies
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanisms of the lymphatic system
3.3 Tumor microenvironment
3.4 Colorectal cancer staging and treatment
3.5 Evolutionary mechanisms of lymph node metastasis
3.6 Molecular markers of colorectal cancer spread
3.7 Molecular markers of metastases
3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 4. Anatomy and embryology of the lymphatic system of the colon and rectum
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Embryology of the lymphatic system
4.3 Anatomy of the lymphatic system
4.4 Anatomy of the lymphatic system of the colon and rectum
4.5 Conclusion
References
Section 2: Pathology and imaging
Chapter 5. Imaging of colorectal nodal disease
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Staging, segmentation, and endoscopic detection
5.3 Metastasis classification and prediction
5.4 Treatment response, recurrence, and survival
5.5 Summary and future directions
References
Chapter 6. Tumor deposits in colorectal cancer
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition of tumor deposits
6.3 The origins and biology of tumor deposits
6.4 Staging of tumor deposits
6.5 Prognostic value of tumor deposits
6.6 Tumor deposits and neoadjuvant therapies
6.7 Pathological assessment of tumor deposits: interobserver variation
6.8 Radiological assessment of tumor deposits: advances and challenges
References
Chapter 7. Lymph node classification in colorectal cancer: tumor node metastasis versus the Japanese system
Abstract
7.1 Japanese D3 lymphadenectomy
7.2 Tumor node metastasis versus Japanese lymph node classification
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Detection and significance of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes of colorectal cancer resections
Abstract
8.1 Definition of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells
8.2 Micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in colorectal cancer
8.3 Micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph-node biopsy in colorectal cancer
8.4 Micrometastases and isolated tumor cells after neoadjuvant therapy
8.5 Differential diagnosis of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Anatomical and temporal patterns of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanisms of lymphatic spread in colon cancer
9.3 Temporal patterns of metastasis in colon cancer
9.4 Anatomical patterns of lymph node metastasis in colon cancer
9.5 Conclusion and implications for research
References
Section 3: Treatment
Chapter 10. Neoadjuvant treatment and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Importance of lymph node yield
10.3 Lymph node yield
10.4 Neoadjuvant therapy and lymph node yield
10.5 Lymph node ratio
10.6 Impact of nodal involvement with complete clinical response after neoadjuvant therapy
10.7 Effects of total neoadjuvant therapy
10.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 11. Complete mesocolic excision in colon cancer
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Outline of the key anatomy
11.3 Principles of CME surgery
11.4 Oncological benefits of CME
11.5 Potential limitations of CME and associated controversies
11.6 Importance of pathological quality control in CME surgery
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Japanese D3 dissection in cancer of the colon: technique and results
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of lymphadenectomy for colon cancer in Japan
12.3 Basic principles of lymph node dissection in Japan
12.4 Changes in the recommended area of lymph node dissection in Japan
12.5 Current classifications of lymph node metastasis (N) and lymph node dissection (D) in Japan
12.6 Lymph node groups and station numbers
12.7 Classification of lymph node metastases (N)
12.8 Classification of lymph node dissection (D)
12.9 Technique of Japanese D3 dissection for colon cancer
12.10 Cecum cancer
12.11 Ascending colon cancer
12.12 Transverse colon cancer
12.13 Descending colon cancer
12.14 Sigmoid colon cancer
12.15 Preservation of the LCA for left-sided colon cancer
12.16 Outcomes of Japanese D3 dissection for colon cancer
12.17 Current recommendations of the Japanese guidelines, 2019
12.18 Comparison of Japanese D3 dissection with European CME with CVL
12.19 Future perspective
12.20 Summary
Acknowledgment
Disclosure
References
Chapter 13. Management of para-aortic nodal disease in colon cancer
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Imaging and implications for prognosis
13.3 Differences between right-sided and left-sided para-aortic node involvement
13.4 Metachronous isolated lymph node metastasis
13.5 Synchronous metastases
13.6 Morbidity of surgery
13.7 The role of chemotherapy
13.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14. Lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 East versus West
14.3 Defining lateral nodal disease
14.4 The future
14.5 The lateral lymph node dissection
14.6 Risks
14.7 Procedural variation
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node detection in colorectal cancer surgery
Abstract
15.1 Concept of sentinel lymph node mapping
15.2 Fluorescence-guided surgery
15.3 Fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node detection in colorectal cancer
15.4 Future perspectives
15.5 Conclusions
Disclosure
References
Chapter 16. Systemic treatment of localized colorectal cancer
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Relapse risk assessment in stage II disease
16.3 Adjuvant treatment in stage II disease
16.4 Time to treat
16.5 Adjuvant treatment in stage III disease
16.6 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced colon cancer
16.7 Nutrition and lifestyle modification reduce relapse risk
16.8 Adjuvant treatment in elderly
16.9 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-deficient patients
16.10 Future perspectives for (neo)adjuvant therapy in stage III colon cancer
16.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Radiotherapy for metastatic nodal disease in colorectal cancer
Abstract
17.1 Introduction to radiation
17.2 Rationale for local treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
17.3 Experience with radiation
17.4 Practical considerations in radiation and radiation techniques
17.5 Case examples
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

The Lymphatic System in Colorectal Cancer

Basic Concepts, Pathology, Imaging, and Treatment Perspectives

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