The Life-Cycle of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
- 1st Edition - November 12, 2015
- Authors: B.M. Peake, R. Braund, Alfred Tong, Louis A Tremblay
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 9 0 7 5 6 8 - 2 5 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 9 0 8 8 1 8 - 4 5 - 4
The Life-Cycle of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment identifies pathways of entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment, beginning with the role of global prescribing and dispos… Read more
The Life-Cycle of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment identifies pathways of entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment, beginning with the role of global prescribing and disposal practices. The book then discusses typical levels of common pharmaceuticals and how they can be determined in natural waters such as raw and treated sewage, and in potable water. In addition, sections examine methods currently available to degrade pharmaceuticals in natural waters and some of their ecotoxicological impacts, along with future considerations and the growing concept of product stewardship.
- Encompasses the full lifecycle of common pharmaceuticals, from prescription and dispensing practices to their occurrence in a range of different types of natural waters and their environmental impact
- Explores the role of the healthcare system and its affect on users
- Beneficial for environmental engineers involved in the design and operation of appropriate degradation technologies of the pharmaceutical prescription and disposal practices
Scientists, researchers and students in the area of Pharmaceutics
DedicationForewordAcknowledgements1: Introduction Abstract1.1 Overview: Do pharmaceuticals pose a significant environmental risk?1.2 Hazardous substances1.3 Pathways to the environment: Life-cycle of pharmaceuticals1.4 Conclusions2: Prescribing practices Abstract2.1 Pharmaceuticals in legislative and healthcare systems2.2 The role of patient medical adherence2.3 Strategies to minimize medication nonadherence2.4 “Doctor, it just doesn’t work!”—Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutical waste2.5 “How much are those antibiotics? I want ’em!”2.6 Accumulation of unused medications2.7 Strategies to prevent accumulation of unused pharmaceuticals3: Disposal of unused medications Abstract3.1 Overview3.2 The origins of unused medication3.3 Medication disposal by households3.4 Attitudes toward medication disposal3.5 Feasibility of take-back programmes for unused medication3.6 Management of pharmaceutical waste at take-back depots3.7 The “best” method for the disposal of unused medications?3.8 Conclusions4: Detection and presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment Abstract4.1 Overview4.2 Environmental detection of pharmaceuticals4.3 Sample collection4.4 Sample extraction4.5 Chromatographic separation of environmental sample extracts4.6 Mass spectrometric detection and quantitation4.7 Environmental concentrations of some common pharmaceuticals4.8 Summary5: Impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment Abstract5.1 Overview5.2 Environmental risk assessment methodologies5.3 Experimental variables involved in risk assessment5.4 Ecotoxicology5.5 Mixture toxicity5.6 Case study: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the environment5.7 Case study: Fluoxetine in the environment5.8 Case study: Diclofenac in the environment5.9 Summary6: Degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater Abstract6.1 Basic steps in wastewater treatment6.2 Removal and degradation of selected human pharmaceuticals6.3 Effect of the natural organic matrix on pharmaceutical removal and degradation in wastewater6.4 Summary and conclusions7: Regulatory practices to control the discharge of pharmaceuticals into the environment Abstract7.1 Overview7.2 The United States of America and Canada7.3 European Union (EU)7.4 China and other parts of Asia7.5 Australia7.6 New Zealand7.7 Challenges and conclusions8: Green chemistry, green pharmacy, and life-cycle assessments Abstract8.1 Green chemistry and green pharmacy8.2 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)8.3 Summary9: Summary and Conclusions Abstract9.1 The potential environmental risk of pharmaceuticals?9.2 Some possible future considerationsIndex
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 12, 2015
- Language: English
BP
B.M. Peake
Barrie M. Peake is an Associate Professor of Environmental Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Otago, Dunedin New Zealand.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.RB
R. Braund
Dr Rhiannon Braund is an Associate Professor in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.AT
Alfred Tong
Alfred Tong is a doctoral graduate from the School of Pharmacy and the Department of Chemistry, at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Affiliations and expertise
Doctoral graduate, School of Pharmacy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.LT
Louis A Tremblay
Dr Louis Tremblay is an ecotoxicologist at the Cawthron Institute , Nelson, New Zealand and a Senior Lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Affiliations and expertise
Ecotoxicologist, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand and Senior lecturer, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Read The Life-Cycle of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment on ScienceDirect