The Fundamentals and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes

Part 1: Fundamentals

1. Introduction to Luminescence

1.1. Characteristics and quality of light

1.2. Conceptual Background of Luminescence

1.3. Luminescence Mechanisms

1.3.1. Photoluminescence

1.3.2. Electroluminescence

1.4. Luminescence from Rare-earth ions and Transition metal ions

1.5. Historical Background

1.5.1. The advent of Light

1.5.2. The First Generation of Lighting

1.5.3. The Second Generation of Lighting

1.5.4. The Third Generation of Lighting

1.5.5. The Fourth Generation of Lighting

2. Fundamentals of LEDs

2.1. Overview of LEDs

2.2. Merits and opportunities

2.3. Considerations while using LEDs

2.4. Semiconductor Physics of LEDs

2.4.1. General Construction

2.4.2. Working Principle

2.5. Device Fabrication

2.5.1. Substrate materials

2.5.2. Packaging materials

2.5.3. Phosphors or Quantum dots

2.5.4. Encapsulation materials

2.5.5. Luminaires

2.6. Characteristics of LED phosphors

2.6.1. Temperature quenching

2.6.2. Luminous Efficacy

2.6.3. Color Rendering Index (CRI)

2.6.4. CIE Chromaticity coordinates

2.6.5. Correlated color temperature (CCT)

2.6.6. Quantum efficiency

2.6.7. Life Span

Part 2 : Materials

3. Semiconductor LEDs

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Growth Techniques

3.2.1. Vapor Phase Epitaxy

3.2.2. Molecular beam epitaxy

3.2.3. Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)

3.3. Semiconductor materials for LEDs

3.3.1. Si and Ge based alloys

3.3.2. III-Arsenides

3.3.3. III-Phosphides

3.3.4. III-Nitrides

4. Phosphor converted-LEDs (pc-LEDs)

4.1. Phosphor

4.2. Dopant and its types

4.2.1. Activator

4.2.2. Co-activator

4.2.3. Sensitizer

4.3. Synthesis of Inorganic phosphors

4.3.1. Solid State Diffusion

4.3.2. Sol-Gel/Pechini

4.3.3. Combustion synthesis

4.3.4. Precipitation Method

4.3.5. Solvothermal Method

4.3.6. Microwave-assisted method

4.3.7. Sonochemical Synthesis

4.3.8. Template assisted method

4.3.9. Laser Ablation

4.3.10. Spray Pyrolysis

4.3.11. Microemulsions

4.3.12. Vapour Deposition

4.3.13. Colloidal Route

4.4. Red/Orange emitting phosphors

4.5. Yellow Emitting phosphors

4.6. Green Emitting phosphors

4.7. Blue emitting phosphors

4.8. White emitting phosphors

4.9. Color-tunable phosphors

5. Advanced variants of LEDs

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Quantum dot-LEDs (QD- LEDs)

5.3. Organic-LEDS (OLEDs)

5.4. Perovskite-LEDs (PeLEDs)

5.5. BioLEDs

Part 3: Applications

6. General lighting

6.1. Introduction

6.2. LEDs for lighting applications

6.2.1. Household lighting

6.2.2. Street lighting

6.2.3. Automobile lighting

6.3. Advantages of LED Lighting

6.4. Innovations in LED lighting

7. Digital communications and Display devices

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Digital Communications

7.2.1. Evolution of Communication technology

7.2.2. Future Prospects

7.3. Display Technology

7.3.1. Advancement in Display devices

7.3.2. Future prospects in Display Technology

8. Biomedical applications

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Skin Rejuvenation

8.3. Photodynamic Therapy

8.4. Cure for Mental Disorders

8.5. Cure for Other Disorders

8.6. Food Safety

8.7. Other Health and Environmental Benefits

9. Horticultural applications

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Plant’s Response To Light

9.3. LED versus Other Types of Grow-Lights

9.3.1. Incandescent Lamps

9.3.2. Fluorescent Lamps

9.3.3. High Intensity Discharge (HID)

9.3.4. Metal Halide (MH)

9.3.5. High Pressure Sodium (HPS)

9.3.6. Plasma

9.3.7. Induction Light

9.4. LEDs in Horticulture

9.5. Significance of LED Grow-Lights

9.6. Current Market Scenario

10. Current trends and Innovations

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Overview on the past and present trends in LEDs

10.3. Innovations in the structure and designing of LEDs

10.4. Innovations in the applications of LEDs

10.5. Innovations in fashion

10.6. Current Scenario of LED Market

10.7. Limitations and Challenges

10.8. Future Prospects and scope