The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

PART 1: Introduction to the 3rd edition of the Encyclopedia

PART 2: Tectonics and plumbing systems

1. Introduction

2. Tectonics and Volcanoes

2.1 Tectonic control on distribution of volcanoes

2.2 Tectonic control on magma chemistry and volatile content

2.3 Tectonic control on frequency and magnitude of eruptions

3. Architecture of Volcanic Plumbing Systems (VPS)

3.1 Geophysical characterisation of the structure of VPS

3.2 Petrological characterisation of VPS

3.3 Modelling magma accumulation

4. From unrest to eruptions

4.1 Triggering

4.2 Ascent

4.3 Eruption

PART 3: Volcanic eruptions and associated products

1. Introduction

2. Effusive eruptions

2.1 Lava Flows

2.2 Domes

3. Explosive eruptions

3.1 Lava fountains

3.2 Plumes

3.3 Tephra deposits

3.4 PDCs

4. Eruptions transitions

5. Secondary processes

5.1 Lahars

5.2 Ash Resuspension

5.3 Tsunamis

5.4 Volcano instabilities (e.g. debris avalanches, secondary PDCs)

PART 4: Terrestrial and extra-terrestrial volcanic environments

1. Introduction

2. Terrestrial environments – subaerial

2.1 Arc Volcanism

2.2 Glaciovolcanism

2.3 Distributed Volcanic fields

2.4 Large Igneous Provinces, Flood Basalt Volcanism and Hot spots

2.5 Calderas & very large eruptions (silicic and mafic caldera forming)

3. Terrestrial environments - under sea

3.1 Submarine Eruptions (Deep Ocean / Hydrothermal vents)

3.3 Seamounts and Island Building

4. Extra-Terrestrial environments

4.1 Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury

4.2 Io, Cryovolcanism

PART 5: Resources for sustainable development associated with volcanism

1. Introduction

2. Intrusion-hosted deposits

2.1 Porphyries, skarns and pegmatites

2.2 Kimberlites and Carbonatites: Ore-forming magmas from the mantle

3. Hydrothermal systems

3.1 Mining heat: geothermal systems

3.2 Exploring and exploiting the magma-hydrothermal interface and super-critical systems for heat or metals

4. Volcanic resources on the Earth’s surface

4.1 Volcanic terrains and the origins of Li, Be, and B deposits

4.2 Grazing, foraging, gravel mining, and micro-farming on the slopes of active volcanoes

PART 6: Impact of volcanic processes

1. Introduction

2. Primary processes

2.1 Tephra fallout (including ballistics)

2.2 PDCs

2.3 Lava flows

2.4 Gas

2.5 Earthquakes / Deformation

3. Secondary processes

3.1 Lahars

3.2 Ash Resuspension

3.3 Tsunamis

3.4 Volcano instabilities (e.g. debris avalanches, secondary PDCs)

PART 7: From volcanic hazard to risk assessment

1. Introduction

2. Hazard assessment

2.1 Deterministic versus probabilistic hazard assessment

2.2 Hazard mapping; understanding hazard maps

3. Exposure assessment

3.1 Various approaches to exposure analysis (including assessment of economic values)

3.2 Exposure evolution around volcanoes (how dynamic is exposure?)

4. Vulnerability assessment

4.1 Multiple dimensions of vulnerability (e.g. social, physical, economic, environmental, systemic) in a volcanic context

4.2 Fragility curves, vulnerability curves and damage scales associated with the different volcanic processes

5. Resilience / Coping Capacity assessment

5.1 Resilience / Coping Capacity studies in a volcanic context

5.2 Engineering resilience (related to infrastructure, buildings, etc…) (strategies of assessment)

5.3 Social resilience (strategies of assessment)

6. Risk assessment

6.1 Qualitative vs quantitative risk assessment

6.2 Glossary/Discussion of terminology and concepts for risk analysis

PART 8: Volcanic risk reduction

1. Introduction

2. Pre-Event activities

2.1 Volcano Early Warning Systems (incl. VALS)

2.2 Volcano observatories (establishment, operations, sustainability)

2.3 Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring techniques/networks focusing on recent advances

2.4 Design & execution of scenario simulation exercises

2.5 Raising awareness among population (e.g. awareness campaigns, schools curriculum, etc…)

3. During-event activities

3.1 Syn-eruptive Monitoring

3.2 Volcanic Crises Management (incl. roles & responsibilities; protocols; coordination)

3.2 Eruption forecasting for crisis management (incl. end of eruption)

4. Post-event activities

4.1 Cleaning up operations

4.2 Post-event impact assessment (including Forensic analysis)

4.2 Build Back Better (integration of lessons learnt)

PART 9: Community engagement and knowledge sharing at Volcanoes

1. Introduction

2. Community engagement

2.1 Educational Programs for Schools and Colleges (including good examples of public programs)

2.2 Public engagement methods and tools [incl. participatory mapping] in Volcanology (Volfilm & other videos, Animation, exhibitions, etc)

2.3 Citizen Science and Community Engagement

3. Knowledge sharing

3.1 Geomythology & Indigenous Knowledge

3.2 Social Media and Websites

3.2 Geoparks and geoheritage (including museum & exhibitions) (Protecting our global)

3.3 Volcanoes and Tourism

3.4 Volcanism and the Arts (including storytelling, dance, music, television, film & literature): coping mechanism for volcanic hazards

PART 10. Key open questions of volcanism faced by the scientific community

1. Introduction

1.1 History and importance of IAVCEI (written by IAVCEI scientific board)

1.2 Inclusive scientific culture: International Network for VOLcanology Collaboration (INVOLC)

2. Chemistry of the Earth

2.1 Commission on the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases

2.2 Commission on Volcanic Lakes

2.3 Commission on Volcano Geology

2.4 Commission on Geochemistry

2.5 IASPEI/IAVCEI Joint Commission on Physics and Chemistry of Earth Materials

2.6 Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems

3. Volcanic provinces and processes

3.1 Commission on Collapse Calderas

3.2 Commission on Explosive Volcanism

3.3 Commission on Large Igneous Provinces

3.4 Commission on Monogenetic Volcanism

3.5 Commission on Submarine Volcanism

3.6 Commission on Volcanogenic Sediments

4. Mitigation of volcanic disasters

4.1 Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk

4.2 Commission on Statistics in Volcanology

4.3 Commission on Tephra Hazard Modelling

4.4 Commission on Cities and Volcanoes

4.5 Commission on Volcano Geoheritage and Protected Volcanic Landscapes

4.6 World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO)

4.7 The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN)

5. Volcano geophysics and remote sensing

5.1 Commission on Remote Sensing

5.2 Commission on Volcano Geodesy

5.3 IAGA/IASPEI/IAVCEI Working Group on Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (EMSEV)

5.4 IASPEI/IAVCEI Commission on Volcano Seismology & Acoustics

5.5 IAVCEI/IACS Commission on Volcano-Ice Interaction

5.6 IAPSO/IASPEI/IAVCEI Joint Tsunami Commission

5.7 IASPEI /IAVCEI /IAPSO International Heat Flow Commission