Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology

3rd Edition - April 13, 2021
Editors: Ravikiran Ongole, Praveen B N
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 7 1 6 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 7 1 7 - 3

Targeted mainly at undergraduate students of dentistry, third edition of Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology is a comprehensive text on oral medicine, d… Read more

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Targeted mainly at undergraduate students of dentistry, third edition of Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology is a comprehensive text on oral medicine, diagnosis and radiological aspects of various orofacial diseases and oral manifestations of systemic disorders. It would also cater to the needs of PG students and dental practitioners as a useful reference book.

Cover image
Title page
Disclaimer
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword I
Foreword II
List of contributors
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the first edition
Acknowledgments
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Part I. Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis
Section I. Introduction and Approach to Diagnosis
1. History and scope of oral medicine and oral radiology
History of oral medicine
Oral and maxillofacial radiology
Oral medicine and radiology in india
Definition of oral medicine
Key facts
2. Terminologies used in oral medicine
Section II. Oral and Maxillofacial Disturbances
3. Developmental disturbances
Fordyce granules (fordyce spots/disease)
Lingual tonsils
Leukoedema
Retrocuspid papillae
Prominent palatal rugae
Lingual varices
Circumvallate papillae or vallate papillae
Parotid papilla
Racial pigmentation/physiological pigmentation
Hairy tongue
Mandibular and maxillary tori
Soft tissue disturbances
Developmental disorders affecting tongue
Developmental disorders affecting the lip
Developmental disorders affecting buccal mucosa and gingiva
Hard tissue disturbances
Developmental disturbances of the jaws
Developmental disturbances affecting teeth
Key facts
4. Orofacial pigmentation disorders
Pigmented lesions of oral mucosa
Pigmentation of teeth
Key facts
5. Orofacial pain
Pain physiology
Classification of orofacial pain
Clinical assessment of pain
Pain from orodental structures
Barodontalgia
Paranasal sinus–related pain
Myofascial pain
Neuralgias
Atypical odontalgia
Atypical facial pain
Burning mouth syndrome
Key facts
Section III. Mucocutaneous Disorders
6. Red and white lesions
Description of red and white lesions
Aetiologic classification of red and white lesions
White lesions of the oral cavity
Red lesions of the oral cavity
Red lesions of the tongue
Key facts
7. Vesiculobullous disorders
Classification of vesiculobullous lesions
Predominantly vesicular lesions
Herpes simplex virus infections
Herpetic whitlow and herpes gladiatorum
Recurrent herpes infections
Varicella zoster infections
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Herpangina
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Predominantly bullous lesions
Bullous lichen planus
Erythema multiforme
Stevens–johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (lyell syndrome)
Bullous impetigo
Epidermolysis bullosa
Key facts
8. Oral ulcerative diseases
Classification of oral ulcers
Traumatic ulcers
Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia (TUGSE)
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Recurrent herpes infection
Varicella zoster infection
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth, vincent disease, vincent’s gingivostomatitis)
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Deep fungal infections
Drug-induced oral ulcers
Erythema multiforme
Blood disorders causing oral ulcers
Immunological disorders
Dermatological disorders
Pemphigoid
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
Gastrointestinal disorders associated with oral ulcers
Neoplastic ulcers
Ulcers of unknown aetiology
Syndromes associated with oral ulcers
Diagnostic protocol
Key facts
Section IV. Diseases of Specific Structures
9. Temporomandibular disorders
Components of temporomandibular joint
Clinical evaluation of temporomandibular joint
Clinical evaluation of muscles of mastication and accessory/cervical muscles
Disorders associated with deviation/alteration in the form of articular surfaces
Articular disc defects
Inflammatory joint disorders
Degenerative joint diseases
TMJ ankylosis
Masticatory muscle disorders
Congenital, developmental and acquired disorders of the TMJ
Neoplasms affecting the TMJ
Condylar fractures
Key facts
10. Diseases of salivary glands
Developmental disturbances
Saliva, xerostomia, hyposalivation and sialorrhoea
Inflammatory conditions of salivary glands
Viral-induced salivary gland pathology
Noninflammatory conditions of salivary glands
Salivary gland tumours
Benign tumours
Malignant salivary gland tumours
Key facts
Section V. Cysts and Tumours of Orofacial Region
11. Cysts of orofacial region
Classification of cysts of orofacial region
Theories of cyst expansion
Odontogenic cysts
Odontogenic keratocyst
Gingival cysts of adults
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst (gorlin cyst)
Glandular odontogenic cyst
Nonodontogenic cysts
Nasolabial cyst
Midpalatal raphe cyst of infants
Cysts of maxillary antrum and salivary glands
Inflammatory cysts
Pseudocysts
Cysts of soft tissues of mouth, face and neck
Nasopharyngeal cysts
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Lymphoepithelial cysts (branchial cleft cysts)
Cystic hygroma
Dermoid, epidermoid and teratoid cysts
Parasitic cysts
Key facts
12. Tumours of orofacial region
Odontogenic tumours
Benign odontogenic tumours
Benign nonodontogenic tumours
Malignant odontogenic tumours
Odontogenic carcinomas
Odontogenic sarcomas
Epithelial malignant tumours
Connective tissue malignant tumours
Key facts
13. Oral cancer
Incidence of cancer of head and neck
Aetiology and risk factors for oral and maxillofacial cancer
Tobacco
Alcohol
Systemic health
Molecular basis of cancer
Clinical signs of cancer
Clinical examination of a patient with suspected malignancy
TNM staging
Nodal metastasis
Diagnosis of oral cancer
The best of both worlds—integrated PET/CT imaging
Key facts
Section VI. Teeth and Periodontium
14. Dental caries, pulp and periapical lesions
Definition and aetiology
Contributory factors in dental caries
Classification of dental caries
Microbiology of dental caries
Fascial space infection
Ludwig angina
Osteomyelitis
Key facts
15. Gingival and periodontal diseases
Classification system in periodontal disease
Gingival diseases
Periodontal diseases
Radiographic evaluation of periodontal diseases
Key facts
16. Regressive alterations of teeth
Classification of regressive alterations affecting teeth
Tooth surface loss
Attrition
Abrasion
Erosion (corrosion)
Abfraction
Classification of tooth wear
Resorption of teeth
Key facts
Section VII. System Review
17. Systemic disorders and their clinical implications
Cardiovascular disorders
Symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular disease
Common cardiovascular disorders and their dental considerations
Ischaemic or coronary heart disease
Myocardial infarction
Congenital heart disease
Rheumatic fever
Infective (bacterial) endocarditis
Heart failure
Haematological disorders
Red blood cell disorders
Polycythaemia
Anaemia
Thalassaemia
White blood cell disorders
Qualitative disorders
Non-neoplastic disorders
Neoplastic disorders
Bleeding disorders
Vascular disorders (vessel wall)
Platelet disorders
Thrombocytopathic disorders
Thrombocytopenic disorders
Disorders of coagulation
Inherited coagulation disorders
Acquired coagulation disorders
Respiratory disorders
Upper respiratory tract infections
Lower respiratory tract infections
Granulomatous diseases
Malignant disorders
Other respiratory diseases
Renal disorders
Renal diseases
Gastrointestinal disorders
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn disease
Hiatal hernia
Peptic ulcer disease
Eating disorders
Liver diseases
Neuromuscular disorders
Bell palsy
Epilepsy
Parkinsonism
Multiple sclerosis
Muscular dystrophy
Oromandibular dystonia
Myasthenia gravis
Endocrinal disorders
Growth hormone
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis
Pregnancy
Saliva and monitoring of hormone
Mental health and its relevance to dentistry
Interesting interface between ‘dentistry’ and ‘psychiatry’
Management of psychiatric disorders
Box: Dental considerations in patients with systemic diseases
Asthma
Cardiovascular diseases
Endocrine disorders
Pituitary gland disorders
Thyroid gland disorders
Gastrointestinal disorders
Peptic ulcers
Inflammatory bowel disease
Renal disorders
Anaemia
Bleeding disorders
Key facts
18. Dermatological diseases
Lichen planus
Epidermolysis bullosa
Psoriasis
Ectodermal dysplasia
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Pachyonychia congenita
Dyskeratosis congenita
Pityriasis rosea
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Acanthosis nigricans
Goltz–Gorlin syndrome
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Hailey–Hailey disease (familial benign chronic pemphigus)
Darier disease (keratosis follicularis)
Reiter syndrome
Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch–Sulzberger syndrome)
Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
Tuberous sclerosis complex (epiloia, bourneville disease)
Graft-versus-host disease
Key facts
19. Bone diseases and fibro-osseous lesions
Fibro-osseous lesions
Bone diseases
Key facts
20. Autoimmune disorders
Concepts of immunity and autoimmunity
Systemic autoimmune diseases with orofacial manifestations
Pemphigus
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Systemic sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Key facts
21. Granulomatous diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy (Hansen disease)
Syphilis
Deep fungal infections
Foreign body granulomas
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis)
Sarcoidosis
Orofacial granulomatosis
Crohn’s disease (regional ileitis, regional enteritis)
Key facts
22. Sexually transmitted diseases
Fellatio syndrome
Traumatic lesions of lingual frenum
Syphilis or lues
Human immunodeficiency virus infection
Intraoral molluscum contagiosum
Condyloma acuminatum
Oropharyngeal gonorrhoea
Oropharyngeal chlamydial infection
Oropharyngeal trichomonal infection
Key facts
23. Nutritional and metabolic disorders
Nutritional requirements of Indians
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Metabolic disorders
Lipid reticuloendothelioses
Key facts
Section VIII. Forensic Dentistry
24. Clinical and radiological perspective of forensic dentistry
Introduction, history and relevance
Dental identification
Challenges in postmortem examination
Postmortem alterations to the teeth and oral tissues
Social profiling
Identifying the edentulous
Craniofacial identification
Facial approximation
Age estimation methods
Bite mark procedures
Lip print investigation
Key facts
Part II. Oral Radiology
Section IX. Basics of Radiology
25. Basics of radiation physics
Pioneers in dental radiology
Fundamentals of radiation physics
Intraoral X-ray units
Interaction of X-rays with matter
Key facts
26. Radiation biology
Effects on living systems
Molecular and cellular radiobiology
Deterministic and stochastic effects
Radiation safety and protection
Sources of radiation (Table 26.1; Fig. 26.1)
Dose and risk in radiography
Radiation detection and measurement
Film exposure and processing
Key facts
Section X. Radiographic Methodology
27. Radiographic films and accessories
Intraoral films
Extraoral films
Key facts
28. Intraoral and extraoral radiographic techniques
Conventional imaging
Intraoral radiography
Extraoral radiography
Posteroanterior projection
Standard occipitomental view
30° occipitomental
Parietoacanthial view (waters’ view)
Parietoacanthial view (open mouth waters’ view)
Modified parietoacanthial projection (modified waters’ view)
Acanthioparietal projection (reverse waters’ method)
Submentovertex view (base or full axial projection, schuller method)
Lateral view
Lateral cephalometry
AP axial projection (towne method)
Reverse towne view
Lateral oblique view
TMJ radiography
Transcranial view
Transpharyngeal view (parma projection, macqueen–dell technique)
Transorbital view
Lesser known/forgotten extraoral radiographic techniques
Panoramic radiology
Key facts
29. Specialized imaging techniques
Computed tomography
Dentomaxillofacial cone-beam computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear medicine
Ultrasonography
Sialography
Arthrography
Thermography
Key facts
Section XI. Processing of Radiographs and Radiographic Interpretation
30. Latent image formation
Formation of latent image
Key facts
31. Processing of radiographic films
Techniques of film processing
Key facts
32. Radiographic faults
Errors in film storage and handling
Errors in film placement and projection technique
Errors in exposure parameters and processing technique
Artefacts
Key facts
Section XII. Radiographic Landmarks
33. Intraoral radiographic anatomical landmarks
Intraoral radiographic landmarks
Landmarks common to both the maxillary and mandibular radiographs
Landmarks unique to the maxillary intraoral periapical radiograph
Landmarks unique to the mandibular intraoral periapical radiograph
Key facts
34. Extraoral radiographic landmarks and multiplanar landmarks in cone-beam computed tomography
Multiplanar anatomic landmarks in CBCT in sagittal, coronal and axial sections
Section XIII. Implant Radiography
35. Site selection, evaluation and imaging for dental implants
Historical perspectives
Types of dental implants available (according to the material used)
Indications for dental implants
Patient management with dental implants
Identification of the implant site
Selection of the implant site
Imaging of the implant site
Radiographic appearance of screw-type and cylinder-type implants
Placement of implants, software manipulation and assessment of osseointegration
Postoperative evaluation of implants and future directions
Key facts
Section XIV. Appendices
Appendix I. Summary of radiographic pathology
Appendix II. Characteristics of ideal radiograph
Characteristics of ideal radiograph
Appendix III. Bacterial, viral and fungal infections
Bacterial infections
Scarlet fever
Diphtheria
Tularaemia (rabbit fever, deer fly fever, francis disease, tick-borne disease, ohara disease)
Erysipelas
Impetigo
Melioidosis
Tetanus
Actinomycosis
Noma (cancrum oris, gangrenous or necrotizing stomatitis)
Botryomycosis (bacterial pseudomycosis)
Rhinoscleroma (respiratory scleroma)
Cat-scratch disease
Viral infections
Infectious mononucleosis
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis
Measles (rubeola)
German measles (rubella)
HIV and AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Sinusitis
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-19)
Fungal infections and protozoal diseases
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis (Gilchrist disease)
Mucormycosis (zygomycosis, phycomycosis)
Aspergillosis
Cryptococcosis (european blastomycosis, torulosis, busse−buschke disease)
Key facts
Index
Appendix I. ABC of drugs used in dentistry
Aceclofenac
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Acyclovir
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Albendazole
Alendronic acid
Alprazolam
Amoxicillin
Amphotericin
Ampicillin
Atenolol
Azathioprine
Azithromycin
Benzocaine
Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G)
Betamethasone
Bleomycin
Botulinum a toxin
Bromazepam
Brompheniramine maleate
Budesonide
Bupivacaine
Buprenorphine
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cephalosporins
Cefixime
Celecoxib
Cetirizine hydrochloride
Chloramphenicol
Cyclosporin
Cinnarizine
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Co-amoxiclav
Co-trimoxazole
Dapsone
Dexamethasone
Diazepam
Diclofenac sodium
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Doxycycline
Etodolac
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Gentamicin
Ibuprofen
Itraconazole
Kanamycin
Ketoconazole
Lignocaine
Metronidazole
Nystatin
Ofloxacin
Omeprazole
Paracetamol
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)/Penicillin V (Phenoxymethylpenicillin)
Phenytoin sodium
Piroxicam
Povidone-iodine
Prednisolone
Rabeprazole sodium
Ranitidine
Rofecoxib
Ropivacaine
Salbutamol
Saliva substitute
Sucralfate
Sulfadimidine
Sulindac
Tacrolimus
Tenoxicam
Tetracycline
Theophylline
Thymol
Tobramycin
Tramadol hydrochloride
Tranexamic acid
Triamcinolone
Trimethoprim
Vancomycin
Warfarin sodium
Zidovudine
Appendix II. Syndromes of the head and neck
Adiposity, hyperthermia, oligomenorrhea and parotid swelling syndrome
Aglossia adactylia syndrome
Albright’s syndrome
Anderson syndrome (familial osteodysplasia)
Angioosteohypertrophy syndrome
Ankyloglossum superius syndrome (glossopalatine ankylosis)
Apert’s syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly)
Ascher’s syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome (Louis-Bar’s syndrome)
Avelli’s syndrome
Baby bottle syndrome
Beckwith hypoglycemic syndrome
Behcet’s syndrome
Blepharonasal facial syndrome
Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
Bogorad’s syndrome
Books syndrome
Bourneville-Pringle syndrome
Brittle bones syndrome
Burning mouth syndrome
Caffey-Silverman syndrome
Candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome
Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular syndrome
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal syndrome
Cestan-Chenais syndrome
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis thymoma syndrome
Cleft palate lateral synechia syndrome
Cockayne syndrome
Congenital indifference to pain syndrome (congenital analgia)
Costen’s syndrome
Cowden’s syndrome
Crest syndrome
Cross syndrome
Crouzon’s syndrome (craniofacial dysostosis)
Cushing’s syndrome
Danbolt-Closs syndrome (acrodermatitis enteropathica)
Di Guglielmo’s syndrome (erythroleukemia)
Di George syndrome
Down syndrome
Duchenne’s syndrome
Eagles syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Elashy-Waters syndrome
Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome
Epstein syndrome
Every’s syndrome
Fabry-Anderson syndrome
Fanconi’s syndrome (De Toni-Debre-Fanconi’s syndrome)
Felty’s syndrome
Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome
Frey’s syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Gilles de la tourette syndrome
Goldenhar syndrome
Goldscheider’s syndrome
Gorlin and Goltz syndrome
Gorham syndrome
Greig’s syndrome
Grinspan’s syndrome
Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome/disease
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome
Heerfordt’s syndrome
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
Horner’s syndrome
Horton’s syndrome
Hurler-Scheie syndrome
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome
Hyper IgE syndrome (Buckley’s syndrome)
Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome
James Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Jaw Winking syndrome
Inverse marcus gunn phenomenon
Jugular foramen syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital syndrome
Larsen’s syndrome
Lazy leukocyte syndrome
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Letterer-Siwe disease or syndrome
Maffucci’s syndrome
Munchausen’s syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Marie-Sainton’s syndrome
Median cleft face syndrome
Meige’s syndrome
Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome
Melnick-Needles syndrome (osteodysplasty)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome
Mende’s syndrome
Menke’s syndrome
Meyer-Schwickerath and Weyers syndrome
Mikulicz syndrome
Migraine syndrome (migraine)
Mobius syndrome
Morquio-Ullrich syndrome
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Murray-Puretic Drescher syndrome
Naegeli’s syndrome
Nagar syndrome (acrofacial dysostosis)
Noonan syndrome
Oro–Facial–Digital syndrome
Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome
Oto-Palato-Digital syndrome
Papillon-Lefevre syndrome
Para-trigeminal syndrome (Raeder’s syndrome)
Oerrt-Romberg syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Pierre Robin syndrome (Robin anomalad)
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Popliteal pterygium syndrome
Pterygopalatine fossa syndrome
Rieger’s syndrome
Reiter’s syndrome
Riley-Day syndrome
Rothmund Thomson syndrome
Rutherford’s syndrome
Sjogren’s syndrome
Sjogren-Larsson syndrome
Stevens–Johnson syndrome
Steiner’s syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Swift’s disease (syndrome)
Takahara’s syndrome (acatalasemia)
Takayasu’s syndrome
Tapia’s syndrome (Vagohypoglossal syndrome)
Thymoma pancytopenia syndrome
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tricho-Dento-Osseous syndrome
Trisomy 13 syndrome
Trisomy 18 syndrome (Edwards syndrome)
Trotter’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Ullrich-Feichtiger syndrome
Urbach-Wiethe syndrome
Van Buchem disease or syndrome
Velocardiofacial syndrome
Wallinberg’s syndrome
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Weech’s syndrome
Williams syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Aldrich syndrome)
Witkop-Von Sallmann syndrome
XXY or XXXY syndrome
Yunis-Varon syndrome
Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome
Zimmermann-Laband syndrome
References
Appendix III. Laboratory diagnostic procedures
Hematological investigations
Collection of specimens
Complete blood count
Reticulocyte count
Specific hematological investigation
Investigations for hemorrhagic disorders
Blood, urine and saliva chemistry
Blood chemistry tests
Urine chemistry
Histopathology, cytology and immunofluorescent studies
Biopsy
Surgery of benign lesions
Specimen care
Intraosseous or hard tissue biopsy
Cytology
Cytopathology
Smear technique
FNAC: General principles and techniques
Fixation and staining
Serology, microbiology and immunohistochemistry
Caries activity tests
Salivary glucosyltransferase B
Tests for syphilis
Tests for HIV
Specific tests
References
References

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