Textbook of Natural Medicine

5th Edition - June 27, 2016
Imprint: Churchill Livingstone
Authors: Joseph E. Pizzorno, Michael T. Murray
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 2 3 4 2 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 2 3 8 0 - 6

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**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 with "Essential Purchase" designation in Complementary & Integrative Health**

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Volume 1
Section I. Philosophy of Natural Medicine
Introduction
1. Functional Medicine: A 21st-Century Model of Patient Care and Medical Education
What Is Functional Medicine?
Principles
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Fundamental Physiological Processes
Core Clinical Imbalances
Antecedents, Triggers, and Mediators8
Constructing the Model
Integration of Care
2. A Hierarchy of Healing: The Therapeutic Order A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine
A Brief History of Naturopathic Medicine1
Original Philosophy and Theory
Modern Naturopathic Clinical Theory: The Process of Development
A Theory of Naturopathic Medicine
The Determinants of Health
Therapeutic Order and Naturopathic Assessment
Therapeutic Order
Theory in Naturopathic Medicine
3. The History of Naturopathic Medicine: Origins and Overview
Introduction
A Brief History of Early American Medicine with an Emphasis on Natural Healing
The Founding of Naturopathic Medicine
Early-20th-Century Medicine
The Modern Rejuvenation
The 21st Century Awaits
4. The History of Naturopathic Medicine: A New and Revisionist Perspective: The Lost Years of the 20th Century
Introduction and Author’s Note
Part One: Who were the Naturopaths?
In the Beginning
The Early 20th Century
Genesis of Post–WWI Professionalism
Natural Healing at its Peak
Part Two: What Happened to Them?
HEADWINDS
NATUROPATHS AT THEIR PEAK
The Beginning of the End
The End
5. Philosophy of Naturopathic Medicine
Introduction
Medical Philosophy
Naturopathic Philosophy
The Philosophical Continuum
Conclusion
6. Placebo and the Power to Heal
Introduction
Placebo Response
Why study the placebo effect?
History of Placebo
Origin of the Term Placebo
Clinical Observations of “Known” Placebo Therapy
Placebo Myths
Pharmacodynamics
Placebo Healing Mechanisms
Clinical Application
Ethics
Conclusion
7. Positive Mental Attitude
Introduction
Effect of Attitude, Personality, Emotions on Health
Self-Actualization
Clinical Application of Learned Optimism
Section II. Primary and Adjunctive Diagnostic Procedures
Introduction
8. Apoptosis in Health and Diseases
Introduction
Clinical Applications
Conclusions
9. Bacterial Overgrowth of the Small Intestine Breath Test
Introduction
Diagnosis
Treatment of Sibo
10. Cell-Signaling Analysis
Introduction
The Cell Cycle
Flow Cytometry to Assess Cell-Cycle Status
Clinical Application
11. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Introduction
Erythrocyte Aggregation
Procedures
Interpretation
Summary
12. Fantus Test
Introduction
Clinical Application
Procedure
Interpretation
13. Fatty Acid Profiling
Introduction
Structure and Nomenclature
Measurement
Clinical Significance of Results
Summary
14. Food Hypersensitivities
Introduction
Immunology of Food Allergies and Food Sensitivities
Food Allergy/Hypersensitivity/Intolerance Testing Methods
Conclusions
15. Genomics, Nutrigenomics, and the Promise of Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Genes and Environment—Nature and Nurture
Why do Polymorphisms Exist?
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
Nature Versus Nurture
The Clinical Utility of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics
Clinical Application
Genomic Testing
Summary
16. Hair Mineral Analysis
Introduction
Minerals
Drug Abuse
Ratios
Discussion
17. Heidelberg pH Capsule Gastric Analysis
Introduction
Physiology of Digestion in the Stomach
Procedure
Interpretation
Clinical Application
Indications
Conclusion
18. Immune Function Assessment
Introduction
Antibodies
Measurement of Complement and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
Measurement of Cells
Cytokines
Genetics
Clinical Symptoms
Summary
19. Intestinal Permeability
Introduction
Components of the Intestinal Barrier
Luminal Transport Across the Intestinal Epithelium
Assessing Intestinal Barrier Function
Factors Affecting Intestinal Permeability
Gastrointestinal and Systemic Diseases Associated with Altered Intestinal Barrier Function
Therapeutic Considerations
20. Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Vitamin Status
Introduction
Assessment of Water-Soluble Vitamin Status
Assessment of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Status
Conclusion
21. Lactose Intolerance Testing
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Adult-Type (Primary) Lactose Deficiency
Acquired (Secondary) Lactase Deficiency
Congenital Lactase Deficiency
Lactose Intolerance Versus Dairy Allergy
Diagnosis of Lactose Intolerance
Other Types of Sugar Intolerance
Summary
22. Metal Toxicity: Assessment of Exposure and Retention
Introduction
Assessment of Toxic Metal Exposure
Assessment of Retention: Urinalysis, Provocation Tests
Fecal Metals Analysis
Conclusion
23. Mineral Status Evaluation
Introduction
Specimen Selection
Collection Equipment
Preanalytical Variables
Methodology
Minerals and Disease
Essential Macrominerals
Essential Microminerals
Potentially Essential Minerals
Conclusion
24. Mold Exposure Assessment
Introduction
Definitions
Challenges
Assessment of Mold Exposure
Treatment
Conclusion
25. Nonmetallic Toxic Chemical Assessment
Introduction
Nonmetallic Toxic Chemicals, Metallic Toxic Chemicals, and Toxic Metals
Common Toxic Chemicals and Disease
Indications for Toxic Chemical Testing
The Most Common Toxic Chemicals
Treatment of Nonmetal Toxic Chemical Exposure
26. Oral Manifestations of Nutritional Status
Introduction
The Healthy Mouth
Abnormalities of the Oral Membranes
27. Rapid Dark Adaptation Test
Introduction
Clinical Application
Procedure
Results
Interpretation
28. Biomarkers for Stool Analysis
Introduction
Overview of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Digestive Physiology 101
Assessing Gastrointestinal Health: dig
Digestion/Absorption
Immunology/Inflammation/Infectious Processes
Gut Microflora Balance
Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Microflora Balance and Metabolic Function
Summary
29. Organic Acid Profiling
Introduction
Laboratory Organic Acid Profiles
Summary
30. Urinary Porphyrins for the Detection of Heavy Metal and Toxic Chemical Exposure
Introduction
Description
Heme Biosynthesis
Porphyrinuria in Environmental Exposure
Clinical Applications of Porphyrinuria
Conclusion
31. Urine Indican Test (Obermeyer Test)
Introduction
Clinical Application
Interpretation
Conclusion
Section III. Therapeutic Modalities and Practice Specialties
Introduction
32. Acupuncture
Introduction
Professional Organizations
Terminology
Clinical Applications
Theory and Practice Styles
Scope of Practice
Safety
Evidence-Based and Evidence-Informed Acupuncture
Summary
33. Ayurveda: The Science of Life and Mother of the Healing Arts
Introduction
History
Branches of Ayurveda
Health and Disease
Modes of Therapy
Research
Ayurvedic and Modern Medicine
Summary
34. Botanical Medicine—A Modern Perspective
Introduction
The Role of Herbs in Modern Pharmacy
The Study of Herbal Medicine
Important North American Herbal Medicine Organizations
Final Comments
35. Environmental Medicine
Environmental Toxic Load
Adverse Health Effects
Assessment
Treatment
Summary
36. The Exercise Prescription
Introduction
Exercise in Historical Context
A New Perspective on Movement
Standards of Movement
Exercise Protocols
Clinical Applications
Summary
37. Fasting
Introduction
Historical Context
Physiology
Physiological Effects
Clinical Research
Case Reports
Clinical Studies
Clinical Application
Laboratory Values
Contraindications
Side Effects
Conclusion
38. Glandular Therapy
Introduction
Methods of Manufacture of Glandular Preparations
Spongiform Encephalopathy
Evidence for Intact Protein Absorption
Clinical Applications
Summary
39. Homeopathy
Introduction
History
Philosophy
The Clinical Application of Homeopathic Principles
Research In Homeopathy
Summary
40. Hydrotherapy
A Brief History of Naturopathic Medicine Introduction
History
Physiological Effects of Water
General Guidelines for Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy Techniques
Summary
41. Manipulation
Therapeutic Keys
History
Schools of Thought in Manipulation
Is Manual Medicine the Right Treatment?
Pretreatment Assessment
Treatment Concepts
42. Nonpharmacological Control of Pain
Introduction
The Experience of Pain
Pain Control
Conclusion
43. Nontransfusion Significance of ABO and ABO-Associated Polymorphisms
Introduction
Background
Abh Antigens
Pathological Process and Abo Blood Groups
Blood Groups and Dietary Lectins
Clinical Applications of Abo Polymorphism
Summary
44. Nutritional Medicine
Introduction
Evolutionary Aspects in Human Nutrition
Trends in U.S. Food consumption
The Government and Nutrition Education
The Optimal Health Food Pyramid
Summary
45. Peat Therapeutics and Balneotherapy
Introduction
Balneology
Peat Therapeutics
Clinical Applications
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Clinical Procedures
Adverse Reactions
Summary
46. Rotation Diet:: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool
Introduction
The Elimination Diet
The Diversified Rotation Diet
47. Soft Tissue Manipulation: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential
Introduction
Health Implications of Soft Tissue Manipulation: The big Picture
Definition: Functional Soft Tissue
Soft Tissue Pathologies
Summary
48. Spirituality, Religion, and Healing
Introduction—Why Spirituality, Religion, and Health?
Definitions—Religion, Spirituality, Health, Healing
Why Religion and Spirituality are Important in Health Care
Research on Religious and Spiritual Practices and Health
Who Provides Spiritual Care?
Tools for Caring for the Whole Person in Daily Practice
Conclusions
49. Unani Medicine
Introduction
History
Metaphysical and Philosophical Foundations
Unani Medical Theory in Principle
Unani Medical Theory in Practice
Summary
Section IV. Pharmacology of Natural Medicines
Introduction
Glossary of Some Terms Used in Section IV
50. Allium cepa (Onion)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Application and Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
51. Allium sativum (Garlic)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Commercial Preparations
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
52. Aloe vera (Cape Aloe)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Immune-Enhancing and Antimicrobial Activity
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
53. Angelica Species
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Application
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
54. Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
55. Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Arthritis
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
56. Bee Products—Pollen, Propolis, and Royal Jelly
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology and Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
57. Beta-Carotene and Other Carotenoids
Introduction
Dietary Sources
Metabolism
Physiological Roles and Pharmacological Activity
Commercial Forms
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
58. Boron
Introduction
Metabolism
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Nutrient Interactions
Hormone Interactions
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
Summary
59. Bromelain107
Introduction
Bromelain Supplements
Bromelain As A Digestive AID
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Side Effects and Contraindications
Drug Interactions
Conclusion
60. Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
General Description
Chemical Composition
Pharmacology
Clinical Application
Photoprotective Effects
Oral Cavity Diseases
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
61. Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids
General Description
Regulatory Framework
Historical Use
Chemical Composition
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Safety
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
62. Capsicum frutescens (Cayenne Pepper)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications for Oral Preparations
Clinical Applications for Topical Preparations
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
63. Carnitine
Introduction
Biosynthesis
Metabolism
Physiological Functions
Deficiency
Carnitine as a Nutrient
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
64. Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
65. Chinese Prepared Medicines
Introduction
Formulations and Preparations
Adulterants, Endangered Species, and Standards
Dispensary Guide
66. Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
67. Citicoline (CDP-Choline)
Introduction
Bioavailability/Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Application
Eye Health and Visual Function
Toxicology
Dosage
Drug Interactions
Conclusions
68. Coenzyme Q10
Introduction
Clinical Applications
Drug Interactions
69. Coleus forskohlii
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Other Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
70. Commiphora mukul (Mukul Myrrh Tree)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
71. Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
72. Croton lechleri (Dragon’s Blood)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History And Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
73. Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
74. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Introduction
DHEA Biochemistry
DHEA Immunology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
Summary
75. Echinacea Species (Narrow-Leafed Purple Coneflower)
General Description
Chemical Composition
Miscellaneous
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Commercial Preparations
76. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
77. Ephedra Species1
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
78. Epilobium Species (Fireweed)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
79. Fatty Acid Metabolism
Fatty Acid Structure and Metabolism
Nomenclature
Metabolism and Biochemistry
Modification and Synthesis of Fatty Acids
Health and Disease
Conclusion
80. Fish Oils and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Introduction
Description
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Toxicity and Toxin Contamination
Dosage
Drug Interactions
Conclusion
81. Flavonoids—Quercetin, Citrus Flavonoids, and Hydroxyethylrutosides
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Chemical Descriptions
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Applications
Commercially Available Forms
82. Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo Tree)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Absorption and Distribution of Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
83. Glucosamine
General Description
Available Forms
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Side Effects and Toxicity
Drug Interactions
84. Glutamine
Introduction
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
85. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice
Oral Licorice Preparations Containing Glycyrrhizin
Licorice Flavonoid Oil
Topical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
86. Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) and Other Berberine-Containing Botanicals
Introduction
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Drug Interactions
87. 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Introduction
Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxytryptophan Metabolism
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
88. Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Safety/Toxicity
Drug Interactions
89. Lobelia inflata (Indian Tobacco)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
90. Medicinal Mushrooms
Introduction
General Description
Chemical Composition
I. Mushrooms with Human Clinical Studies
II. Mushrooms with Laboratory and Animal Research But Insufficient Human Clinical Trials
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
Summary
A Note About Purchasing Mushroom Supplements
Summary of Research (Tables 90.1 and 90.2)
91. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
92. Melatonin
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Drug Interactions
93. Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
94. Mentha piperita (Peppermint)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
95. Microbial Enzyme Therapy
Introduction
Digestive Enzyme Deficiencies
Acid-Stable Fungal Enzymes
Clinical Applications
Lactose Intolerance
Improving Nutrient Bioavailability
Vascular Disease
Pharmacology of Fungal Proteases
Food Allergies
Summary
96. Natural Medicines Quality Control
Background
State of the Industry
The Food and Drug Administration
The Importance of Quality Control
Contaminant Testing
Finished Product Expiration Date and Stability Testing
Assessing Quality Via Comprehensive Testing
Supplier Certification and Skip Lot Testing
Laboratory Testing and Laboratory Quality
Economically Motivated Adulteration
Residual Chemical Solvents in Dietary Supplements
The Buying Decision
Dietary Supplement Pricing and Quality
Current Good Manufacturing Practice Certified Programs
97. Naturally Occurring Antioxidants
Free Radicals and Nonradical Oxidants
Oxidative Stress and Toxicant Exposure
Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Chronic Disease
Laboratory Assessment of Oxidative Stress
Antioxidants
N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione
Minerals and Redox Balance
Zinc
Metabolites as Secondary Antioxidants
Uric Acid (Urate)
Melatonin: A Hormone With Antioxidant Potential
Nonnutritive Antioxidants
Flavonoids
Flavonoids From Food Sources
Berries
Cocoa
Tea
Botanical Extracts and Isolated Flavonoids
Grape Seed Extract
Ginkgo Biloba
Silymarin
Quercetin
Resveratrol
Curcumin
Therapeutic use of Antioxidants
Exercise and Oxidative Stress
Limits of Antioxidant Supplementation
Prooxidant Effects
Vitamin e and Mortality Risk?
Limitations of Antioxidants as Adjuvant Cancer Therapy
Potential Nutrient–Drug Interactions and Phytochemical–Drug Interactions
Research Frontiers
Redox Balance and Gaso-Transmitter Systems
Redox Balance and Aging
Redox Balance and Mitochondrial Function
Future Directions: Concepts and Strategies
Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience
Hormesis
Ros Interactome
Conclusion
98. Opuntia Species (Prickly Pear)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Cicatrizant Effect
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
99. Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology and Clinical Indications
Toxicology
Dosage
Drug Interactions
100. Pancreatic Enzymes213
Introduction
Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements
Absorption of Proteins
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Measuring Enzyme Activity
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
Conclusion
101. Phage Therapy: Bacteriophages as Natural, Self-Limiting Antibiotics
Introduction
Properties of Bacteriophages
Historical Context of Phage Therapy
Phage Interactions in the Body
Clinical Application
Toxicology
Dosing Strategy
Conclusion
102. Phosphatidylserine (PS)
Introduction
Physiological Roles
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology and Drug Interactions
103. Piper methysticum (Kava)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Side Effects and Toxicology
Drug Interactions
104. Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Colonic Foods
Introduction
Fructooligosaccharides
galactooligosaccharides
Lactulose
Synbiotics
Colonic Foods
105. Probiotics
Introduction
Description
Proposed Mechanisms of Action
Probiotic Characteristics
Commercial Forms
Clinical Applications
Immune Enhancement
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
106. Procyanidolic Oligomers
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
107. Pygeum africanum (Bitter Almond)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
108. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
109. Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher’s Broom)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Fibrinolytic Effect
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
110. SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine)
Introduction
Pharmacology
Clinical Indications
Dosage
Toxicology
Interactions and Contraindications
111. Sarsaparilla Species
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Application
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
112. Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
113. Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History And Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
114. Soy Isoflavones and Other Constituents
Introduction
Chemical Composition of Soy
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Drug–Nutrient Interactions
Conclusion
115. Tabebuia avellanedae (syn. T. Impetiginosa, Lapacho, Pau d’Arco, Ipe Roxo)
Introduction
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
116. Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Migraine Headache
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
117. Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
118. Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew)
General Description
Chemical composition
History and Folk use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
119. Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
120. Uva ursi (Bearberry)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosages
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
121. Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
122. Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
123. Valeriana officinalis (Valerian)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
124. Viscum album (European Mistletoe)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
125. Vitamin A
Introduction
Deficiency
Metabolism
Physiological Roles of Vitamin A
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
126. Vitamin K
Introduction
Forms, Sources, Absorption, and Metabolism
Physiological Roles of Vitamin K: Effects of Normal to Supraphysiological Doses
Interactions With Other Vitamins
Vitamin K Status Biomarkers
Dosage
Safety
Summary
127. Vitamin Toxicities and Therapeutic Monitoring
Introduction
Lipid-Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
Laboratory Tests for Vitamin Toxicity
128. Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Tree)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
129. Water: The Most Basic Nutrient and Therapeutic Agent
Water and the Human Body
Thirst: The Sense That Cannot be Trusted?
Pure Water Versus Other Beverages
Water Temperature
Special Needs
Physiology of Water Metabolism
Clinical Applications
Common Conditions Improved by Water
130. Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
General Description
Chemical Composition
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
Volume 2
Section V. Syndromes and Special Topics
Introduction
131. Lifestyle Factors in Cancer
Introduction
Nutrition
Dietary Patterns
Exercise
Stress Management
Conclusion
132. Dietary Fiber
Introduction
Fiber
Mechanisms of Action of Dietary Fiber
Clinical Applications
Dosage and Administration
Drug Interactions
133. Digestive Support
Introduction
Therapeutic Considerations
Probiotic Supplements
134. Homocysteine Metabolism: Nutritional Modulation and Effect on Health and Disease
Introduction
Homocysteine Metabolism
Renal Function
Pharmaceutic Drug Effects on Homocysteine
Effect of Homocysteine on Key Nutrients
Clinical Applications
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
135. Hyperventilation Syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders
Introduction
Diagnostic Considerations
Biomechanical (Structural) Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations and Therapeutic Approach
Summary
136. Immune System Support
Introduction
Immune System Overview
Psychoneuroimmunology
Environmental Toxins and Immune Function
Lifestyle Effects on Immune Function
Nutritional Factors Affecting Immune Function
Enhancing Thymus Function
Botanicals
Therapeutic Approach
137. Let the Data Speak
Introduction
Gathering All the Data
Questionnaire Interpretation
NMI Expanded Guidance Summary
138. Mycotoxin Exposure: Assessment and Treatment
Introduction
Mold Species
Common Mycotoxins
Methods Of Assessment
Treatment
Conclusion
139. Sports Nutrition
Nutrition and Performance
Assessment
Critical Evaluation of Ergogenic Aids
General Health Concerns for Athletes
Nutritional Supplements
140. Stress Management
Introduction
The General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: A Healthy View
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
Nutritional and Botanical Support
Section VI. Diseases
Introduction
Organization
141. Acne Vulgaris and Acne Conglobata
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Nutrients
Topical Treatments
Procedural Treatments
Other Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
142. Affective Disorders
Introduction
Diagnosis
Causal Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Primary Prevention: the Prenatal Environment and Childhood Experience
Pertinent Laboratory Testing
Therapeutic Approach
Specific Therapeutic Considerations According to Affective Disorder
A Note About Integrative use of Natural Medicines and Conventional Drugs
143. Alcohol Dependence
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Intoxication and Withdrawal
Metabolic Effects of Alcohol and Alcohol Dependence
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
144. Alzheimer’s Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Nutritional Considerations
Other Therapies
Therapeutic Approach
145. Anemia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Types of Anemia
Folate Deficiency
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Dysfunction
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
General Nutritional Support for all Types
Therapeutic Approach
Nutritional Supplements
146. Angina
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
147. Aphthous Stomatitis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
148. Asthma
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
In Acute Attack
149. Atherosclerosis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations—General Guidelines
Therapeutic Considerations—Lowering Cholesterol
Therapeutic Considerations—Antioxidant Status
Therapeutic Considerations—Miscellaneous Risk Factors
Therapeutic Considerations—Preventing a Recurrent Heart Attack
Therapeutic Approach
150. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Environmental Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
151. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Environmental Neurotoxins
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
Immune System Impairment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Neurofeedback
Botanical Medicines
Therapeutic Approach
152. Autism
Morgan, a Nonverbal 5-Year-Old
Causes of Complex Disease
Autism Spectrum Disorders
A Three-Step Process for Caring for Children With Asd
Treatment
Restoration
Brocs Test for any Proposed Medical Treatment for Asd
Other Considerations in Treating Asd
Other Laboratory Testing
Methylation
Glutathione
Conclusion
153. Bacterial Sinusitis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
154. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
155. Bronchitis and Pneumonia
General Considerations
Diagnostic Summary
Therapeutic Considerations
Immune and Barrier Function Support
Therapeutic Approach
156. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach For Mild/Moderate Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
157. Celiac Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Supplements
Therapeutic Approach
Resources for Patients
158. Cervical Dysplasia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Risk Factors (Table 158.1)
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
159. Chronic Candidiasis
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
160. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Diagnostic Summary
Introduction
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
161. Congestive Heart Failure
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
162. Constipation
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
163. Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Coexisting Conditions and differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
164. Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Pathogenesis of DH: From Gut to Skin
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
165. Diabetes Mellitus Types I and II
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes
Early Treatment and Possible Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes
Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
Clinical Monitoring of Diabetes
The Complications of Diabetes
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
166. Endometriosis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Etiological Theories
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
A Comprehensive Approach to the Patient With Endometriosis
167. Epilepsy
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Considerations
Summary
168. Erythema Multiforme
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
169. Fibrocystic Breast Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Anatomy and Physiology Of The Breast
Differential Diagnosis
History and Physical Examination
Therapeutic Considerations
Nonpharmacologic Therapeutic Approach
Surgical Intervention
170. Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Introduction
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
171. Gallstones
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Pathogenesis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
172. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
General Recommendations
173. Glaucoma: Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open Angle)
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
174. Gout
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
175. Hair Loss in Women
Introduction
Basic Physiology of the Hair Cycle
Differential Diagnosis
Causes of Hair Loss in Women and Therapeutic Considerations
Conclusion
176. Hepatitis
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
177. Herpes Simplex
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
178. HIV/AIDS: Naturopathic Medical Principles and Practice
Diagnostic Summary
Introduction
Biology of HIV
Transmission
The Immune System’s Response
Clinical Progression to Aids
Diagnosis and Workup
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
179. Hypertension
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
180. Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Conventional Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
Nutritional Supplements
Therapeutic Approach
181. Hypoglycemia
Diagnostic Summary
Introduction
Diagnostic Considerations
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
182. Hypothyroidism
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroidism Syndrome
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
183. Infectious Diarrhea
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Infectious Agents and Symptoms
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
184. Infertility, Female
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Nutritional Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
185. Infertility, Male
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Spermatogenesis
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Dietary Considerations
Nutritional Supplements
Therapeutic Approach
186. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Monitoring and Evaluation
Therapeutic Approach
187. Insomnia and Other Sleep Disorders
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
188. Intestinal Protozoan Infestation and Systemic Illness
Introduction
Protozoa
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Conclusion
189. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
190. Kidney Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Environmental Exposure and Kidney Dysfunction
Classifications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease
Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Therapeutic Approach
Nutritional Considerations in Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
Therapeutic Approach
191. Kidney Stones
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Diet
Therapeutic Approach
192. Leukoplakia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Lycopene
Other Antioxidants
Curcumin
Anthocyanins
Therapeutic Approach
Supplements
193. Lichen Planus
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
194. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Overactive Bladder Syndrome, and Urinary Incontinence (LUTS, OAB, and UI)
Diagnostic Summary
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
195. Macular Degeneration
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
196. Menopause
Diagnostic Summary
Introduction
General Considerations
Treatment Overview
Hormone Therapy
Therapeutic Approach
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Lifestyle
197. Menorrhagia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
198. Migraine Headache
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
199. Multiple Sclerosis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Other Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
200. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis91
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Toxicity—Mechanisms of Action
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
201. Obesity
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Prevalence
Determination of Body Composition
Types of Obesity
Causes of Obesity
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
202. Osteoarthritis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
General Dietary Guidelines
Therapeutic Approach
203. Osteoporosis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Causes of Bone Loss
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
Lifestyle Factors
204. Otitis Media
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
205. Parkinson’s Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
Conclusion
206. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
207. Peptic Ulcer—Duodenal and Gastric
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
208. Periodontal Disease
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
209. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnostic Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
210. Porphyrias
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Biochemistry of Porphyria
Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Porphyria
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
211. Preconception and Pregnancy Health
Introduction
Preconception
Nutrition
Hydration
Lifestyle
Dietary Supplementation
Conclusion
212. Premenstrual Syndrome
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis and Classification
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
213. Proctologic Conditions
Anorectal Anatomy
Anal Diseases
Hemorrhoids
External Hemorrhoids
Perianal Dermatological Disorders
Treatment Options
Treatment Summary for Hemorrhoids
214. Psoriasis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
215. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Standard Medical Therapy
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
Other Considerations
216. Rosacea
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
217. Sarcopenia
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Standard Medical Therapy
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
218. Seborrheic Dermatitis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
219. Senile Cataracts
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
220. Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
221. Trichomoniasis
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
222. Urticaria
Diagnostic Summary
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Causes of Urticaria
Therapeutic Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
223. Uterine Fibroids
Diagnostic Summary
General Considerations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
224. Vaginitis, Vulvovaginitis, and Vulvodynia
Diagnostic Summary1,2
General Considerations
Types of Vaginitis
Therapeutic Considerations
Diagnostic Approach
Therapeutic Approach
225. Varicose Veins
Diagnostic Summary
General Discussion
Etiology
Therapeutic Considerations
Therapeutic Approach
Appendices
Appendix 1. Candida Questionnaire1
Appendix 2 Cervical Escharotic Treatment
Appendix 3. Crohn’s Disease Activity Index
Appendix 4. The Role of Essential Oils in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Processes and Infectious Diseases
Appendix 5. Fasting—Patient Guidelines
Appendix 6. Gluten and Gliadin Content of Select Foods
Appendix 7. Glycemic Index, Carbohydrate Content, and Glycemic Load of Select Foods
Appendix 8. Hydrochloric Acid Supplementation: Patient Instructions
Appendix 9. Optimal Health Food Pyramid
Appendix 10. Patient Instructions for Measuring Basal Body Temperature
Appendix 11. Rotation Diet Master Chart and Plan
Appendix 12. Seligman’s Attributional Style Questionnaire
Appendix 13. Supplier Certification: Compliance Guide and Questionnaire1
Appendix 14. Vaginal Depletion Pack
Index

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Joseph E. Pizzorno

Michael T. Murray

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