Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography

2-Volume Set

9th Edition - September 6, 2022
Author: Sandra L. Hagen-Ansert
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 2 6 4 6 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 2 6 4 9 - 5

**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Radiologic Technology**Master sonographic examination protocols and techniques! The market-leading ultrasound text and reference, Textb… Read more

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**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Radiologic Technology**

Master sonographic examination protocols and techniques! The market-leading ultrasound text and reference, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9th Edition provides an in-depth understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography. More than 3,100 ultrasound images and full-color anatomy illustrations help you recognize normal anatomy and abnormal pathology. Organized primarily by body system, coverage includes vascular sonography and echocardiography, and in the obstetrics section features a chronologic, trimester approach to ultrasound during pregnancy. Written by expert medical sonography educator and clinician Sandra L. Hagen-Ansert, this resource serves as ideal preparation for board exams and as a reference for practitioners in many different clinical settings.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Evolve Student Resources
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Introducing the Ninth Edition
Acknowledgments
Part I: Foundations of Sonography
CHAPTER 1. Foundations of Clinical Sonography
Outline
Key Terms
Role of the Sonographer
Historical Overview of Sound Theory and Medical Ultrasound
Introduction to Basic Ultrasound Principles
Bibliography
CHAPTER 2. Essentials of Patient Care for the Sonographer
Outline
Key Terms
Introduction
A Sonographer’s Commitments
Basic Patient Care
Patient Transfer Techniques
Patients With Tubes
Safety in the Patient Care Environment
Patients on Strict Bed Rest
Standard Precautions and Infection Prevention
Isolation Precautions
Personal Protective Equipment/Gear
Patient Care Equipment
Environment Cleanliness
Assisting Patients With Special Needs
Understanding a Patient’s Reaction to Their Illness
The Patient Care Partnership
Professional Attitudes and Behaviors
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Bedside Ultrasound
Emergency Medical Situations
Sonographer Exposure to Body Fluids
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 3. Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues in Sonography
Outline
Key Terms
History of Ergonomics
Injury Data in Sonography
Industry Awareness and Changes
Work Practice Changes
Economics of Ergonomics
Workstation Setup
References
CHAPTER 4. Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Outline
Key Terms
From Atom to Organism
Body Systems
Anatomic Relationships Within the Abdominopelvic Cavities
Bibliography
Chapter 5. Comparative Sectional Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Outline
Key Terms
Comparison of Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Radiography
Abdominal Quadrants, Planes, and Regions
Planes or Body Sections
Sectional Anatomy
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Basic Ultrasound Imaging: Techniques, Terminology, and Tips
Outline
Key Terms
Before You Begin to Scan Patients
Indications for Abdominal Sonography
Ultrasound Terminology
Identifying Abnormalities
Anatomic Directions
Criteria for an Adequate Scan
General Abdominal Ultrasound Protocols
Abdominal Doppler
Bibliography
CHAPTER 7. Imaging and Doppler Artifacts
Outline
Key Terms
Propagation
Attenuation
Spectral Doppler
Color Doppler
Virtual Beam-Forming
Summary
Bibliography
Part II: Abdomen
Chapter 8. Vascular System
Outline
Key Terms
Function of the Circulatory System
Aorta
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Inferior Vena Cava
Portal Venous System
Abdominal Doppler Techniques
Bibliography
Chapter 9. The Liver
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Liver
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Hepatobiliary System
Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver
Pathology of the Liver
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 10. The Gallbladder and the Biliary System
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Biliary System
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Gallbladder and Biliary System
Sonographic Evaluation of the Biliary System
Pathology of the Gallbladder and Biliary System
Pathology of the Biliary Tree
Bibliography
CHAPTER 11. The Spleen
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Spleen
Congenital Anomalies
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Spleen
Sonographic Evaluation of the Spleen
Pathology of the Spleen
Splenomegaly
Congestion of the Spleen
Storage Disease
Diffuse Disease
Splenic Abscess and Infection
Splenic Infarction
Splenic Trauma
Splenic Cysts
Benign Primary Neoplasms
Malignant Primary Neoplasms
Bibliography
Chapter 12. The Pancreas
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Pancreas
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Pancreas
Sonographic Evaluation of the Pancreas
Pathology of the Pancreas
References
Chapter 13. The Gastrointestinal Tract
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Sonographic Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
References
Chapter 14. The Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Wall
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy and Sonographic Evaluation of the Peritoneal Cavity And Abdominal Wall
Pathology of the Peritoneal Cavity
Pathology of the Mesentery, Omentum, and Peritoneum
Pathology of the Abdominal Wall
Bibliography
Chapter 15. Urinary System
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of The Urinary System
Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Urinary System
Sonographic Evaluation of the Urinary System
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Pathology of The Urinary System
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Findings
Bibliography
Chapter 16. The Retroperitoneum
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum
Physiology and Laboratory Data Of The Retroperitoneum
Sonographic Evaluation of the Retroperitoneum
Pathology of the Retroperitoneum
Bibliography
Chapter 17. Abdominal Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Outline
Key terms
Types of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Ultrasound Imaging Modes
Clinical Applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Techniques
Outline
Key terms
Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
Indications for a Biopsy
Contraindications for a Biopsy
Laboratory Tests
Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Equipment and Techniques
Ultrasound Guidance Methods
Cytopathology
Biopsy Complications
Fusion Technology
Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Equipment and Process
The Sonographer’s Role in Interventional Procedures
Finding the Needle Tip
What to Do When the Needle Deviates
Biopsies and Procedures by Organ
Fluid Collections and Abscesses
New Applications
Bibliography
Chapter 19. Emergent Ultrasound Procedures
Outline
Key terms
Assessment of Abdominal Trauma
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
Right Upper Quadrant Pain
Epigastric Pain
Extreme Shortness of Breath
Chest Pain
Flank Pain
Right Lower Quadrant Pain
Paraumbilical Hernia
Acute Pelvic Pain
Scrotal Trauma and Torsion
Extremity Swelling and Pain
Bibliography
Chapter 20. Sonographic Techniques in the Transplant Patient
Outline
Key Terms
Who needs a transplant?
Liver transplant
Renal transplant
Pancreatic transplant
Your role in donating life
References
Part III: Superficial Structures
Chapter 21. Breast
Outline
Key terms
Physiology of the Breast
Anatomy of the Breast
Breast Evaluation Overview
Pathology of the Breast
Breast Augmentation and Implant Complications
Malignant Pathology of the Breast
Other Imaging Modalities
Single Photon Emssion Computed Tomography
Bibliography
Chapter 22. The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Outline
Key terms
Embryology of the Thyroid Gland
Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Physiology and Laboratory Data
Sonographic Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland
Congenital Abnormalities of the Thyroid Gland
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland
Embryology of the Parathyroid Gland
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Physiology and Laboratory Data
Sonographic Evaluation of the Parathyroid Gland
Pathology of the Parathyroid Gland
Miscellaneous Neck Masses
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 23. Scrotum
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Scrotum
Technical Considerations
Scrotal Pathology
Bibliography
Chapter 24. Musculoskeletal System
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal Sonography
Artifacts
Sonographic Evaluation of the Musculoskeletal System
Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System
Bibliography
Part IV: Pediatrics
Chapter 25. Neonatal and Pediatric Abdomen
Outline
Key Terms
Examination Preparation
Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic, and Splenic Pathology
Gastrointestinal Pathology
Bibliography
Chapter 26. Neonatal and Pediatric Adrenal and Urinary System
Outline
Key Terms
Examination Preparation
Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
Renal, Adrenal, and Bladder Pathology
Bibliography
Chapter 27. Neonatal and Infant Head
Outline
Key Terms
Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
Examination Preparation
Neonatal Head Examination
Hydrocephalus (Ventriculomegaly)
Acquired Brain Lesions
Congenital Brain Malformations
Brain Infections
Bibliography
Chapter 28. Infant and Pediatric Hip
Outline
Key Terms
Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
Sonographic Examination
Developmental Displacement of the Hip
Joint Effusions of the Hip
Other Hip Conditions (Incidental Findings)
Bibliography
Chapter 29. Neonatal and Infant Spine
Outline
Key Terms
Embryogenesis
Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Appearance
Sonographic Evaluation of the Neonatal and Infant Spine
Pathology of the Neonatal and Infant Spine
Other Indications
Bibliography
Part V: The Thoracic Cavity
Chapter 30. Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Thoracic Cavity
Outline
Key Terms
The Thorax and the Thoracic Cavity
The Lungs
The Heart and Great Vessels
The Cardiac Cycle
The Electrical Conduction System
The Mechanical Conduction System
Electrocardiography
Auscultation of the Heart Valves
Principles of Blood Flow
Bibliography
Chapter 31. Understanding Hemodynamics
Outline
Key Terms
The Cardiac Cycle
Doppler Basics
Quantification of Intracardiac Pressures With Ultrasound
Bibliography
Chapter 32. Introduction to Echocardiographic Techniques, Terminology, and Tips
Outline
Key Terms
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Cardiac Color Flow Examination
Doppler Applications and Technique
The Echocardiographic Examination
M-MODE Imaging of the Cardiac Structures
References
Chapter 33. Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease
Outline
Key Terms
Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Disease
Aortic Valve Disease
Technical Considerations and Pitfalls in Doppler Measurements
Aortic Abnormalities
Bibliography
Chapter 34. Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Pericardial Disease, Cardiomyopathies, and Tumors
Outline
Key Terms
Pericardial Disease
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiac Masses
Bibliography
Chapter 35. Fetal Echocardiography: Beyond the Four Chambers
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology of the Cardiovascular System
Fetal Circulation
Risk Factors Indicating Fetal Echocardiography
Beyond the Four-Chamber View
Fetal Ultrasound Landmarks
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Fetus
References
Chapter 36. Fetal Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease
Outline
Key Terms
Relationship of Genetics to Congenital Heart Disease
Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease
Prenatal Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiac Malposition
Cardiac Enlargement
Septal Defects
Right Ventricular Inflow Disturbance
Right Ventricular Outflow Disturbance
Left Ventricular Inflow Disturbance
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Disturbance
Great Vessel Abnormalities
Cardiac Tumors
Complex Cardiac Abnormalities
Dysrhythmias
References
Bibliography
Part VI: Cerebrovascular
Chapter 37. Extracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy for Extracranial Cerebrovascular Imaging
Extracranial Arterial Hemodynamics
Carotid Disease and Stroke Risk Factors, Warning Signs, and Symptoms
Technical Aspects of Carotid Duplex Imaging
Interpretation of Carotid Duplex Imaging
Common Carotid Artery Disease Treatments
Other Carotid Artery Imaging Modalities
Other Carotid Duplex Imaging Applications and Emerging Techniques
References
Chapter 38. Intracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation
Outline
Key Terms
Intracranial Arterial Anatomy
Intracranial Arterial Physiology
Technical Aspects of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
Interpretation of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
Clinical Applications
Advantages and Limitations of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
References
Chapter 39. Peripheral Arterial Evaluation
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy Associated with Peripheral Arterial Testing
Arterial Physiology
Arterial Pathophysiology
Indirect (Physiologic) Arterial Testing
Arterial Duplex Imaging
Guidelines for Evaluation
References
Chapter 40. Peripheral Venous Evaluation
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy for Peripheral Venous Duplex Imaging
Venous Physiology
Venous Pathology and Treatments
Technical Aspects of Venous Duplex Imaging
Interpretation of Venous Duplex Imaging
Combined Diagnostic Approach
Venous Reflux Imaging
Vein Mapping
Other Pathology
Controversies in Venous Duplex Imaging
Imaging Guidelines
References
Part VII: Gynecology
Chapter 41. Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis
Outline
Key Terms
Pelvic Landmarks
Muscles of the Pelvis
Bladder and Ureters
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
Pelvic Vasculature
Physiology
Pelvic Recesses and Bowel
Bibliography
Chapter 42. Sonographic and Doppler Evaluation of the Female Pelvis
Outline
Key Terms
Patient Preparation and History
Performance Standards for the Ultrasound Examination
Sonographic Technique
Sonographic Evaluation of the Pelvis
Bibliography
Chapter 43. Pathology of the Uterus
Outline
Key Terms
Pathology of the Vagina and Cervix
Pathology of the Uterus
Pathology of the Endometrium
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Acknowledgment
References
Bibliography
Chapter 44. Pathology of the Ovaries
Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the Ovaries
Sonographic Evaluation of the Ovaries
Benign Adnexal Cysts
Endometriosis
Ovarian Torsion
Sonographic Evaluation of Ovarian Neoplasms
Ovarian Carcinoma
Epithelial Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Stromal Tumors
Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
Other Pelvic Masses
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 45. Pathology of the Adnexa
Outline
Key Terms
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Endometritis
Endometriosis and Endometrioma
Interventional Ultrasound
Postoperative Uses of Ultrasound
Bibliography
Chapter 46. Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Female Infertility
Outline
Key Terms
Evaluating the Cervix
Evaluating the Uterus
Congenital Uterine Anomalies
Evaluating the Endometrium
Evaluating the Fallopian Tubes
Evaluating the Ovaries
Peritoneal Factors
Treatment Options
Complications Associated with Assisted Reproductive Technology
References
Part VIII: Obstetrics
Chapter 47. The Role of Sonography in Obstetrics
Outline
Key Terms
Indications for Obstetric Sonography
Classification of Fetal Ultrasound Examinations
Patient History
The Safety of Ultrasound
The Safety of Doppler for the Obstetric Patient
Guidelines for First-Trimester and Standard Second- and Third-Trimester Obstetric Sonography Examinations
Diagnostic and Screening Aspects of Obstetric Sonography Examinations
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 48. Clinical Ethics for Obstetric Sonography
Outline
Key Terms
Morality and Ethics Defined
History of Medical Ethics
Principles of Medical Ethics
Confidentiality of Findings
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 49. The Early Embryonic Stage of the First Trimester
Outline
Key Terms
Overview of the First Trimester
Maternal Serum Analysis in Early Pregnancy
Transvaginal Sonographic Technique and Evaluation
Fetal Period (Weeks 9–14)
Determination of Gestational Age
First-Trimester Complications
First-Trimester Risk Assessment
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 50. First-Trimester Complications
Outline
Key Terms
Criteria for Viability and Nonviability
First-Trimester Bleeding and Sonographic Appearances
Abnormal or Absent Cardiac Activity
Embryonic Development of Yolk Sac and Amnion
Ectopic Pregnancy
Diagnosis of Embryonic Abnormalities in the First Trimester
First-Trimester Pelvic Masses
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 51. Sonography of the Second and Third Trimesters
Outline
Key Terms
A Suggested Protocol
Equipment and Practices
Initial Steps and Examination Overview
Fetal Anatomy of the Second and Third Trimesters
Extrafetal Obstetric Evaluation
Genetic Sonogram
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 52. Obstetric Measurements and Gestational Age
Outline
Key Terms
Gestational Age Assessment: First Trimester
Gestational Age Assessment: Second and Third Trimesters
References
Chapter 53. Fetal Growth Assessment by Sonography
Outline
Key Terms
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Diagnostic Criteria
Tests of Fetal Well-Being
Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 54. Sonography and High-Risk Pregnancy
Outline
Key Words
Screening Tests
Maternal Factors in High-Risk Pregnancy
Maternal Diseases of Pregnancy
Ultrasound in Labor and Delivery
Fetal Factors in High-Risk Pregnancy
Multiple Gestation Pregnancy
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 55. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies
Outline
Key Terms
Chromosomal Disorders
Genetic Screening Tests
Diagnostic Screening Testing
First Trimester Screening
Medical Genetics
Chromosomal Abnormalities
References
Chapter 56. Placenta
Outline
Key Terms
Embryogenesis
The Amniotic Sac and Amniotic Fluid
The Umbilical Cord
Sonographic Evaluation of the Normal Placenta
Doppler Evaluation of the Placenta
Evaluation of the Placenta After Delivery
Abnormalities of the Placenta
Placental Abruption
Placental Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 57. The Umbilical Cord
Outline
Key Terms
Development and Anatomy of the Umbilical Cord
Abnormal Umbilical Cord Dimensions
Umbilical Cord Masses
Umbilical Cord Knots
Umbilical Cord Insertion Abnormalities
Vasa Previa and Prolapse of the Cord
Single Umbilical Artery
Varix of the Umbilical Vein
Persistent Intrahepatic Right Umbilical Vein
Bibliography
CHAPTER58. Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Membranes
Outline
Key Terms
Amniotic Fluid
Fetal Membranes
Hydrops
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 59. Fetal Face and Neck
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology Of The Fetal Face
Sonographic Evaluation Of The Fetal Face
Abnormalities Of The Face And Neck
References
Chapter 60. Fetal Neural Axis
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology
Anencephaly
Acrania
Cephalocele
Spina Bifida
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Holoprosencephaly
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
Aqueductal Stenosis
Vein of Galen Aneurysm
Choroid Plexus Cysts
Porencephalic Cysts
Schizencephaly
Hydranencephaly
Ventriculomegaly (Hydrocephalus)
Microcephaly
Acknowlegment
References
Chapter 61. The Fetal Thorax
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology of the Thoracic Cavity
Normal Sonographic Characteristics
Abnormalities of the Thoracic Cavity
References
Bibliography
Chapter 62. The Fetal Anterior Abdominal Wall
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology of the Abdominal Wall
Sonographic Evaluation of the Fetal Abdominal Wall
Abnormalities of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Bibliography
Chapter 63. The Fetal Abdomen
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology of the Digestive System
Sonographic Evaluation of the Abdominal Cavity
Abnormalities of the Hepatobiliary System
Abnormalities of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Miscellaneous Cystic Masses of the Abdomen
Bibliography
Chapter 64. Fetal Urogenital System
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology and Development of the Urogenital System
Sonographic Evaluation of the Urogenital System
Sonographic Findings Suggesting Abnormalities of the Urogenital System
Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract
Congenital Malformations of the Kidneys
Renal Cystic Disease
Obstructive Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Other Urinary Anomalies
Congenital Malformations of the Genital System
Other Pelvic Masses
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 65. Fetal Skeleton
Outline
Key Terms
Embryology of the Fetal Skeleton
Abnormalities of the Skeleton
Other Limb Abnormalities
Acknowledgment
References
Glossary For Volume 1
Glossary for Volume 2
Illustration Credits
Index

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