Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology

7th Edition - November 2, 2022
Authors: Connie R. Mahon, Donald C. Lehman
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 2 9 9 7 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 2 7 1 - 7

Gain the knowledge and skills you need to succeed in the clinical lab! Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition uses a reader-friendly "building-block" approach to help y… Read more

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Gain the knowledge and skills you need to succeed in the clinical lab! Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition uses a reader-friendly "building-block" approach to help you learn the essentials of diagnostic microbiology. Featuring full-color drawings and photos, this text helps you learn to develop the critical thinking and problem-solving skills necessary to the accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases and the identification of infectious agents. Written by noted educators Connie R. Mahon and Donald C. Lehman, this edition adds new content on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, along with the latest information on prevention, treatment modalities, and CDC guidelines.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Evolve Student Resources
Copyright
Dedication
Reviewers
Contributors
Preface
Organization
Pedagogic features
Ancillaries for instructors and students
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Introduction to clinical microbiology
1. Bacterial cell structure, physiology, metabolism, and genetics
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Overview of the microbial world
Classification/Taxonomy
Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure
Bacterial morphology
Microbial growth and nutrition
Bacterial biochemistry and metabolism
Microbial genetics
Bibliography
2. Host-parasite interaction
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Origin of microbial biota
Composition of microbial biota at different body sites
Role of the microbial biota in the pathogenesis of infectious disease
Role of the microbial biota in the host defense against infectious disease
Microbial factors contributing to pathogenesis and virulence
Host resistance factors
Mechanisms by which microbes may overcome host adaptive defenses
Bibliography
3. The laboratory role in infection control
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts in infection prevention and control practice
Outbreak investigation
Education
Response plans
Bibliography
4. Control of microorganisms: disinfection, sterilization, and microbiology safety
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Disinfection and sterilization
Sterilization versus disinfection
Factors that influence the degree of killing
Methods of disinfection and sterilization
Disinfectants versus antiseptics
EPA regulations on chemical surface disinfectants
FDA regulations on chemical skin antiseptics
Microbiology laboratory safety
General laboratory safety
Bioterrorism and the clinical microbiology laboratory
Bibliography
5. Performance improvement in the microbiology laboratory
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Introduction to quality management system
Quality and performance improvement measures
Quality control in the microbiology laboratory
Evaluating and interpreting diagnostic laboratory tests
Analytic analysis of tests
Clinical analysis of tests
Operational analysis of tests
Choosing a laboratory method
Test validation
Bibliography
6. Specimen collection and processing
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Basic principles of specimen collection
Preservation, storage, and transport of specimens
Specimen receipt and processing
Culture workup
Communication of laboratory findings
Bibliography
7. Microscopic examination of materials from infected sites
Chapter Outline
Key terms
Preparation of samples
Stains
Microscopes
Terminology for direct examinations
Examination of prepared material
Grading or classifying materials
Reports of direct examinations
Initiation of special handling for unsuspected or special pathogens
Quality control in direct microscopic interpretations
Examples of sample observations and reports
Points to remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
Direct examination showing local and contaminating materials
Direct examination in common bacterial infections
Direct examination in gram-positive bacillary infections
Direct examination in uncommon gram-positive bacilli
Direct examination in gram-positive bacilli with filaments and branches
Direct examination in selected gram-negative bacterial infections
Direct examination in selected gram-negative bacillary infections
Direct examination in polymicrobial infections
8. Use of colony morphology for the presumptive identification of microorganisms
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Importance of colony morphology as a diagnostic tool
Initial observation and interpretation of cultures
Gross colony characteristics used to differentiate and presumptively identify microorganisms
Colonies with multiple characteristics
Growth of microorganisms in liquid media
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
9. Biochemical identification of gram-negative bacteria
Chapter Outline
Key terms
Carbohydrate utilization
Glucose metabolism and its metabolic products
Amino acid utilization
Miscellaneous tests
Manual multitest systems
Rapid and automated identification systems
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
10. Immunodiagnosis of infectious diseases
Chapter Outline
Key terms
Antibodies in serologic testing
Antigen detection
Principles of immunologic assays
Use of serologic testing in specific diseases
Direct antigen detection assays
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
11. Applications of molecular diagnostics
Chapter Outline
Key terms
Nucleic acid hybridization techniques
Nucleic acid amplification procedures
Strain typing and identification
Molecular diagnostics testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory
Nanomedicine
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
12. Antibacterial mechanisms of action and bacterial resistance mechanisms
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Antimicrobial targets and mechanisms of action
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
β-Lactamase inhibitors
Dissemination of resistance determinants
Nanotechnology to deliver therapeutic agents
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
13. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Procedures in antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Reasons and indications for performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests
Selecting antimicrobial agents for testing and reporting
Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility test methods
Interpretation of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test results
Automated antimicrobial susceptibility test methods
Quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility tests
Selecting an antimicrobial susceptibility test method
Special antimicrobial susceptibility tests
Minimum bactericidal concentration test
Time-kill assays
Synergy tests
Serum bactericidal test
Measurement of antimicrobial agents in serum and body fluids
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
Part 2: Laboratory identification of significant isolates
14. Staphylococcus and similar organisms
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Clinically significant species
Laboratory diagnosis
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Points To Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
15. Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and other catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Clinically significant streptococci and Streptococcus-like organisms
Laboratory diagnosis
Points to remember
Bibliography
16. Aerobic gram-positive bacilli
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Non–spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-positive bacilli
Non–spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-negative bacilli
Non–spore-forming, branching, aerobic actinomycetes
Spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-positive bacilli
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
17. Neisseria species and Moraxella catarrhalis
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Pathogenic Neisseria species
Commensal Neisseria species
Points to remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
18. Haemophilus, HACEK group, Legionella, and other fastidious gram-negative bacilli
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Haemophilus
Haemophilus influenzae
HACEK group
Capnocytophaga
Pasteurella
Brucella
Francisella
Legionella
Bordetella
Bibliography
19. Enterobacterales
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Opportunistic members of the order Enterobacterales and associated infections
Primary pathogens in the order Enterobacterales
Other genera of the order Enterobacterales
Laboratory diagnosis of the Enterobacterales
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
20. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Campylobacter-like species
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Vibrio
Aeromonas
Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like species
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
21. Nonfermenting and miscellaneous gram-negative bacilli
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics of nonfermenters
Clinically significant nonfermentative, gram-negative bacilli
Less commonly encountered nonfermentative, gram-negative bacilli
Bibliography
22. Anaerobes of clinical importance
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Important concepts in anaerobic bacteriology
Frequently encountered anaerobes and their associated diseases
Specimen selection, collection, transport, and processing
Procedures for identifying anaerobic isolates
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Treatment of anaerobe-associated diseases
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
23. The spirochetes
Chapter Outline
Key terms
Leptospira
Treponemes
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
24. Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and similar organisms
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Chlamydiaceae
Rickettsiaceae and similar organisms
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
25. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Chapter Outline
KEY TERMS
General characteristics
Clinical infections
Laboratory diagnosis
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Interpretation of laboratory results
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
26. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Clinical significance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria
Mycobacterium leprae
Isolation and identification of mycobacteria
Susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
27. Medically significant fungi
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General characteristics
Taxonomy
Mycoses
Clinically significant species
Laboratory diagnosis of fungi
Immunodiagnosis of fungal disease
Antifungal susceptibility
Points to Remember
Learning assessment questions
Bibliography
28. Diagnostic parasitology
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts in parasitology laboratory methods
Medically important parasitic agents
Bibliography
29. Clinical virology
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Characteristics of viruses
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Double-stranded DNA viruses
Single-stranded DNA viruses
Double-stranded RNA viruses
Single-stranded RNA viruses
Hepatitis viruses
Prions
Treatment and management of viral infections
Bibliography
30. Agents of bioterror and forensic microbiology
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Bioterrorism readiness and the clinical laboratory
Laboratory response network
General characteristics of biological threat agents
Biosafety
Biosafety levels
Agents of bioterror
Other biological agents and toxins
Pandemic preparedness and bioterrorism readiness
Concluding thoughts
Forensic microbiology
Bibliography
31. Biofilms: architects of disease
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Microbial biofilms defined
Architecture of biofilms
Biofilm properties
Mechanisms of pathogenicity
Diseases associated with biofilms
Laboratory consequences associated with biofilms
Detection of biofilms and in vitro formation
Potential interventions
Points to Remember
Learning Assessment Questions
Bibliography
Part 3: Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases: an organ system approach to diagnostic microbiology
32. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract
Host risk factors
Virulence factors of pathogenic organisms
Upper respiratory tract infections
Lower respiratory tract infections
Respiratory tract infections in the immunocompromised host
Bioterrorism and respiratory infections
Bibliography
33. Skin and soft tissue infections
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Anatomy of the skin
Localized bacterial and fungal skin infections
Dermatologic manifestations of systemic bacterial and fungal infections
Viral infections
Parasitic infections
Immune- or toxin-mediated dermatologic manifestations of infectious agents
Laboratory diagnosis
Bibliography
34. Gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Anatomic considerations
Approach to diagnosis of the patient with diarrhea
Clinical presentation and pathogenic mechanisms of acute diarrhea
Common viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens
Diarrhea in special circumstances
Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens
Treatment and prevention of diarrhea
Bibliography
35. Infections of the central nervous system
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts related to infections of the central nervous system
Central nervous system infections
Laboratory diagnosis
Bibliography
36. Bacteremia and sepsis
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts related to bacteremic infections
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical aspects of bacteremia
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
37. Urinary tract infections
Outline
Key Terms
Introduction
Anatomic considerations
Epidemiology and risk factors
Clinical signs and symptoms
Causes of urinary tract infections
Laboratory diagnosis
Microbial detection
Interpretation of results
Susceptibility reporting
Bibliography
38. Genital infections and sexually transmitted infections
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Urethritis
Cervicitis
Vulvovaginitis
Genital ulcer disease
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Other sexually transmitted diseases
Points to Remember
Bibliography
39. Infections in special populations
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Healthcare-associated infections
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Malignancy
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Complement deficiency
Burns
Organ transplantation
Postsplenectomy sepsis
Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Aging
Pregnancy, the fetus, and the neonate
Bibliography
40. Zoonotic diseases
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Transmission by scratches and bites from domestic or wild animals
Transmission by direct contact or inhalation
Transmission by arthropod vectors
Viral zoonotic diseases
Emerging zoonoses
Bibliography
41. Ocular infections
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
General concepts related to ocular infections
Infections of the conjunctivae
Infections of the eyelids
Infections of the cornea
Infections of the sclera and episclera
Infections of the orbit
Infections of the lacrimal apparatus
Infections of the intraocular chambers
Retinitis
Biofilm-centered ocular infections
Laboratory diagnosis of ocular infections
Bibliography
Appendix A. Answers to learning assessment questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Appendix B. Selected bacteriologic culture media
Alkaline peptone water
American Trudeau Society medium
Amies transport with and without charcoal
Bacteroides bile esculin agar
Bile esculin agar
Bismuth sulfite agar
Blood agar, anaerobic, CDC
Blood agar, anaerobic, with kanamycin and vancomycin
Blood agar, rabbit
Blood agar, sheep
Bordet-Gengou blood agar
Brain-heart infusion broth
Brucella laked sheep blood agar, anaerobic, with kanamycin, vancomycin, and vitamin K
Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
Burkholderia cepacia agar
Burkholderia cepacia selective agar
Cary-Blair transport medium
Campylobacter blood agar
Campylobacter charcoal differential agar
Campylobacter thioglycolate broth
Cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin
Cetrimide agar
Chocolate agar
CHROMagars
Citrate agar, Simmons
Columbia agar with and without 5% sheep blood
Columbia agar with colistin nalidixic acid
Cooked meat (chopped meat glucose) medium
Cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar
Cystine-glucose blood agar
Cystine tryptic agar with sugar
Decarboxylase test medium (Moeller)
Deoxyribonuclease test agar
Egg yolk agar
Eosin–methylene blue agar
Esculin agar
Fletcher semi-solid medium for Leptospira
GC-Lect agar
Gram-negative broth
Haemophilus test medium
Hektoen enteric agar
Kligler iron agar
Lim broth
Loeffler medium
Löwenstein-Jensen medium
Löwenstein-Jensen medium (Gruft modification)
Lysine iron agar
MacConkey agar
MacConkey sorbitol agar
Malonate broth
Mannitol salt agar
Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer medium
Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agars
Mitchison 7H11 selective agar
Motility test medium
Mueller-Hinton agar
Mueller-Hinton agar with 2% NaCl
Mueller-Hinton agar with 4% NaCl and 6 µg/mL oxacillin
Mycobactosel L-J medium
New York City medium
Nitrate broth
Nutrient agar
Oxidative-fermentative medium (Hugh and Leifson formulation)
Oxidative-fermentative base, polymyxin B, bacitracin, lactose agar
Phenylalanine deaminase agar
Phenylethyl alcohol agar
Tellurite blood agar
PPLO agar
Regan-Lowe medium
Salmonella-Shigella agar
Schaedler agar
Selenite broth
Sodium chloride broth, 6.5%
SP-4 broth and SP-4 agar
Streptococcus-selective agar
Tetrathionate broth
Thayer-Martin, modified agar
Thioglycollate broth, basal and enriched
Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar
Tinsdale agar
Todd-Hewitt broth with gentamicin and nalidixic acid
Triple sugar iron agar
Trypticase soy agar
Trypticase soy broth
Tryptophan broth, 1%
Urea agar and broth
Vaginalis agar
Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar
Appendix C. Selected mycology culture media and stains
Fungal media
Fungal mounting fluids
Fungal stains
Appendix D. Selected procedures
Glossary
Index