Synthetic Membrane Process

Contributors

Preface


1. Membrane Methods in Water and Wastewater Treatment: An Overview

I. Introduction

II. Principles of Membrane Processes

III. Applications of Membrane Processes

IV. Conclusions

References


2. Structure of Water and Aqueous Systems

I. Introduction

II. Structure of Liquid Water

III. Electrolyte Solutions

IV. Water-Organic Solute-Salt Solutions

V. Examples of Aqueous Systems

VI. Water in Desalination Membranes and the Desalination Mechanism

References


3. Hyperfiltration Membranes, Their Stability and Life

I. Introduction

II. Mechanical Effects

III. The Effect of Pressure

IV. Chemical Effects

V. Microbiological Attack

VI. Membrane Regeneration

VII. Conclusion

References


4. Polarization Phenomena in Membrane Processes

I. Introduction

II. Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration

III. Electrodialysis

References


5. Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow and Solute Distribution in Pressure-Driven Membrane Modules

I. Introduction and Overview

II. Field Equations and Common Submodels

III. Comprehensive Case Studies

IV. Conclusions and Future Work

References


6. Electrodialysis—Membranes and Mass Transport

I. Principle of Electrodialysis

II. Mass Transfer through Permselective Membranes

III. Manufacture of Permselective Membranes

IV. Membrane Permselectivity

V. Diffusion

VI. Water Transport through Permselective Membranes

VII. Electrotransport of Large Ions through Permselective Membranes

VIII. Energy and Membrane Area Requirements

IX. Resin-Filled Cells

References


7. Desalting Experience by Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis) in the United States

I. Introduction

II. The Concept

III. Reverse Osmosis Membranes

IV. Theoretical Considerations

V. Plant Equipment

VI. Membrane Permeators

VII. Applications of Reverse Osmosis to Water Desalination

VIII. Applications of Reverse Osmosis to Wastewater Renovation

IX. Control of Product Flux Decline

X. Economics of Reverse Osmosis

XI. Conclusions

References


8. Desalting Experience Using Hyperfiltration in Europe and Japan

I. Introduction

II. Seawater Desalination

III. Hyperfiltration of Brackish Water

IV. Hyperfiltration as Unit Operation in Industry

V. Hyperfiltration of Liquid Foods

VI. Wastewater Renovation by Hyperfiltration

VII. Summary

References


9. Water and Wastewater Treatment Experience in Europe and Japan Using Ultrafiltration

I. Introduction

II. Membrane Materials Used in Ultrafiltration Systems

III. Ultrafiltration Modules and Systems Designs

IV. Practical Experience in Ultrafiltration

V. Ultrafiltration Plant Design and Process Costs

VI. Manufacturers and Distributors of Ultrafiltration Equipment in Japan and Europe

References


10. Design, Operation, and Maintenance of a 5-mgd Wastewater Reclamation Reverse Osmosis Plant

I. Introduction

II. Design and Operation of a 5-mgd Reverse Osmosis Plant for Water Reclamation

III. Orange County Water District Responsibilities and Background Leading to Present Facilities

IV. Water Factory 21 Process Description

V. 5-mgd Reverse Osmosis Performance

VI. Detailed Process Description

VII. Performance

VIII. Discussion

IX. Summary and Conclusions

X. Reverse Osmosis Demineralization Costs

References


11. Design and Operation of Desalting Systems Based on Membrane Processes

Introduction

I. The Membrane Plant-—Reverse Osmosis

II. The Membrane Plant—-Electrodialysis

III. The Membrane Plant—-Ultrafiltration

IV. Pretreatment

V. Posttreatment

VI. Conclusion

References


12. Economics of the Application of Membrane Processes. Part 1: Desalting Brackish and Seawaters

I. Introduction

II. Desalting Brackish Waters

III. Desalting Seawater

IV. General Conclusions

References


13. Economics of the Application of Membrane Processes. Part 2: Wastewater Treatment

I. Basis for the Economics of Water Processing

II. Reverse Osmosis

III. Electrodialysis

IV. Ultrafiltration

V. Pretreatment

VI. Conclusions

References

Index