Sulfur

1 Le Roi du Sol

2 The Sulfur Age

2.1 Sulfuric acid manufacturing

2.1.1 The Nordhausen process

2.1.2 The Bell

2.1.3 The chamber

2.1.4 The contact

2.1.5 Metallurgical sulfuric

2.1.6 Pyrites

2.1.6.1 Spain

2.1.6.2 Italy

2.1.6.3 Norway

2.1.6.4 Canada

2.1.6.5 China

2.2 Sulfuric acid

2.2.1 The Leblanc

2.2.2 Phosphate

3 Native Sulfur - Sicily

3.1 Ancient sulfur

3.2 Renaissance sulfur

3.3 Industrial revolution (“Sulfur Age”)

3.3.1 Sicily

3.3.2 The Zolfare, the Solfatari & the Carusi

3.3.3 The Doppioni, Calcarella, Calcaroni & the Gill furnace

3.3.4 The Gabelloti

3.3.5 The British wine merchants

3.3.6 The Sulfur War of 1840

3.3.7 The post-Sulfur War era & the rise of pyrites

3.4 The cartels

3.4.1 Anglo-Sicilian Sulfur Company (ASSC): 1896 to 1906

3.4.2 Consorzio Obligatorio per D'Industrial Solfifera Siciliana (COISS): 1906 to 1932

3.4.3 Ufficio per la Vendita dello Zolfo Italiano (UVZI): 1934 to 1940

3.4.4 Ente Zolfi Italiani (EZI): 1940 to 1962

3.4.5 Ente Minerario Siciliano (EMS): 1962 to 1985

4 Frasch Sulfur – Texas/Louisiana

4.1 Native (non-Frasch) sulfur mines

4.2 Herman Frasch

4.2.1 His life & family

4.2.2 His oil ventures

4.2.3 His alkali venture

4.2.4 His salt ventures

4.2.5 His sulfur ventures: Union Sulfur

4.5 The other sulfur companies

4.5.1 Freeport Sulfur

4.5.2 Texas Gulf Sulfur

4.5.3 Duval Texas Sulfur

4.5.4 Jefferson Lake Sulfur

4.5.5 Sulexco

4.6 Liquid sulfur

4.7 Non-U.S. Frasch mines

4.7.1 Mexico

4.7.2 Poland

4.7.3 U.S.S.R.

4.7.4 Iraq

4.7.5 Brazil

5 Recovered Sulfur - Alberta

5.1 Sour, more sour, & sourest

5.2 Alberta & the global sulfur market

5.3 Sulfur blocks & broken sulfur

5.4 Sulfur forming: slate & prills

5.5 Marketing &

5.5.1 Cansulex & Prism

5.5.2 Alberta to Vancouver

5.6 The global competition

5.6.1 U.S.

5.6.2 Western Europe

5.6.3 Persian Gulf

5.6.3.1 Iran

5.6.3.2 Iraq

5.6.3.3 Saudi Arabia

5.6.3.4 Other

5.6.4 Caspian Sea

5.6.5 Japan

5.7 Sulfur pricing: the penny syndrome

6 The Sulfur Entrepreneur

6.1 The desperate entrepreneur & the reluctant investor

6.1.1 Institutional investors

6.1.2 Private investors

6.1.3 Entrepreneurs

6.2 The revolutionary technology: to switch or not to switch, that is the question

6.3 The ultimate venture: the monopoly game

6.4 Who killed the sulfur entrepreneur?

6.5 Climate change will cause sulfur change
References
Appendix I. Sulexco Agreements
Appendix II. FTC Review of Sulexco
Appendix III. Global Sulfur Production
Index