Sulfidic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. Introduction

1 Scope and Aims

2 History of the Study of Sedimentary Sulfides

References

Chapter 2. Sulfur Chemistry in Aqueous Solutions

1 Background

2 Elemental and Crystalline Sulfur

3 Sulfate

4 Sulfide Chemistry in Aqueous Solutions

5 Polysulfide Chemistry

6 Sulfur Oxyanions

7 Sulfur Free Radicals

8 Geochemistry of Inorganic Sulfide Oxidation

References

Chapter 3. Sedimentary Iron Biogeochemistry

1 Fe Chemistry in Aqueous Solutions

2 The Nature of Nonsulfide Fe in Sediments

3 The Iron Supply to Sediments

References

Chapter 4. Aqueous Metal–Sulfide Chemistry

1. Introduction

2. Complexes, Clusters and Nanoparticles

3. Iron–Sulfide Complexes and Clusters

4. Metal–Sulfide Complexes of the Iron Group: Mn, Co, Ni

5. Group 6: Cr and Mo

6. Group 11: Cu, Ag and Au

7. Group 12 Metals: Zn, Cd and Hg

8. Group 14 Metals: Pb

9. Group 15 Metalloids

References

Chapter 5. Metastable Sedimentary Iron Sulfides

1 Introduction

2 Cubic FeS

3 Iron (II) Monosulfide: Mackinawite

4 Iron Thiospinel, Greigite

5 Marcasite

References

Chapter 6. Sedimentary Pyrite

1. Introduction

2. Pyrite Structure

3. Pyrite Composition

4. Pyrite Solubility

5. Sedimentary Pyrite Formation

6. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Sedimentary Pyrite Formation

7. Sedimentary Pyrite Textures

References

Chapter 7. Metal Sequestration by Sedimentary Iron Sulfides

1. Introduction

2. Evidence for Trace Metal Sequestration by Sulfides in Sulfidic Sediments

3. The Uptake of Trace Metals by Pyrite

4. The Mackinawite Surface

5. Sequestration of Organic Molecules by Sedimentary Sulfides

References

Chapter 8. Microbial Sulfate Reduction in Sediments

1 Introduction

2 Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms

3 Measurement of Sulfate Reduction in Sediments

4 Iron Sulfides in Microorganisms

References

Chapter 9. Microbial Sulfide Oxidation in Sediments

1 Introduction

2 Mechanisms of Sulfur Oxidation

3 Sulfur Disproportionating Organisms

References

Chapter 10. Microbial Ecology of Sulfidic Sediments

1 Microbial Sulfur Transformations

2 Metagenomics of Sulfidic Sediments

3 Oxygen Sensitivity in Anaerobic Sulfur Microorganisms

4 Microbial Stratigraphy: Biofilms and Microbial Mats

5 Interrelationships Between Sulfate-Reduction and Methanogens

6 Global Distribution of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms

References

Chapter 11. Sedimentary Sulfur Isotope Biogeochemistry

1 Introduction

2 Mass-Dependent Fractionation

3 Mass-Independent Fractionation

4 Rayleigh Distillation Effects

5 Biogenic Processes Influencing Sulfur and Oxygen Stable Isotopes

6 Sedimentary Sulfur Isotopes

References

Chapter 12. Iron Isotope Fractionation In Sedimentary Sulfides

1 Introduction

2 Fractionation Processes

3 Iron Isotopes in the Sedimentary Sulfide Environment

References

Chapter 13. Euxinic Systems

1 Background

2 Oceanic Euxinic Conditions

3 Sulfide Distribution in Natural Waters

4 Anoxic Inorganic Sulfide Oxidation

5 Sulfate Distribution in Natural Waters

6 Eutrophication

7 Proxies for Euxinia

References

Chapter 14. Sedimentary Sulfides

1 Background

2 Sulfide Phases in Sediments

3 Analytical Chemistry of Sedimentary Sulfide

4 Solid Sulfide Phases in Sulfidic Sediments

5 Dissolved Species in Sedimentary Sulfide Systems

6 Diagenetic Modeling of Sedimentary Sulfide Systems

References

Chapter 15. The Geochemistry of Sulfidic Sedimentary Rocks

1 Distribution of Sulfur in the Earth

2 Sulfur Contents of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

3 Carbon: Sulfur Ratios of Sedimentary Rocks

4 The Geochemistry of Sulfidic Sedimentary Rocks

5 Global Distribution of Sulfidic Sedimentary Rocks

References

Chapter 16. Fossil Bacteria

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of Fossilization in Pyrite

3 Fossil Pyritic Microbial Mats and Biofilms

4 Identification of Fossil Bacteria

5 Molecular Fossils: Biomarkers for Ancient Sulfur Microbes

6 Isotopic Proxies

7 Molecular Biological Probes of the Evolution of the Sulfur Biome

References

Chapter 17. The Evolution of the Sedimentary Sulfur Cycle

1. Background

2. The Hadean (4.47–3.85 Ga)

3. The Archean (3.85–2.5 Ga)

4. The Proterozoic (2.5–0.542 Ga)

5. The Phanerozoic (0.542–0 Ga)

6. Variations in the Geochemistry of Sulfidic Sediments through Geologic Time

References

Index