Stability and Control

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Introduction


1:1 Historical


1:2 Flying Quality Requirements


1:3 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability


1:4 Static Longitudinal Stability (Straight Flight)


1:5 Static Longitudinal Stability (Curved Flight Path)


1:6 Control Power


1:7 Longitudinal Trim Changes and Trimming Devices


1:8 Dynamic Lateral Stability


1:9 Static Directional and Lateral Stability


1:10 Rudder Control Power


1:11 Rudder Pedal Forces


1:12 Lateral Control Power


1:13 Lateral Control Forces


1:14 Directional and Lateral Trimming Devices


1:15 Stalling Characteristics


1:16 Spinning Characteristics


1:17 High Speed Requirements


1:18 Flight Research

Chapter 2 Airplane Motions

Abstract

Terminology


2:1 Introduction


2:2 Equations of Motion


2:3 Longitudinal Motions


2:4 Lateral Motions

References

Chapter 3 Static Longitudinal Stability and Control

Abstract

Terminology


3:1 Introduction


3:2 Neutral Points and Maneuver Points


3:3 The Flight Determination of Stick-Fixed Neutral Points


3:4 The Flight Determination of Stick-Free Neutral Points


3:5 Effective Weight Moment Testing


3:6 Nose Wheel Lift-Off


3:7 Landing Hold-Off


3:8 Change in Trim with Power and Flap Settings

References

Chapter 4 Flight Testing Aircraft for Longitudinal Maneuvering Characteristics

Abstract

Terminology


4:1 Introduction


4:2 Flying Qualities Requirements


4:3 Prediction of Stick-Fixed Maneuvering Characteristics


4:4 Prediction of Stick-Free Maneuvering Characteristics


4:5 Instrumentation


4:6 Flight Test Techniques


4:7 Data Reduction Methods and Typical Flight Test Data


4:8 Determination of Aerodynamic Parameters from Steady Maneuvering Flight Data

References

Chapter 5 Lateral and Directional Control and the Measurement of Aerodynamic Coefficients in Steady Asymmetric Flight and in Flight on Asymmetric Power

Abstract

Terminology


5:1 Introduction


5:2 Desirable Control Characteristics in Steady Flight


5:3 Relations Between Control Position and Sideslip Stability and Aerodynamic Coefficients of the Aircraft


5:4 Flight Tests for Determination of the Control Position and Sideslip Stability Parameters and Control Effectiveness Coefficients


5:5 Calculation of Stability Derivatives from Results of Flight Tests


5:6 Lateral and Directional Control in Flight on Asymmetric Power


5:7 Flight Tests on Asym netric Power


5:8 Summary

References

Appendices

I. Relation Between Control Position Stability and Dynamic Stability

II. Definition of Aircraft Configurations

Tables

Chapter 6 Flight Techniques Used to Determine Adequacy of Lateral Control

Abstract

Terminology


6:1 Introduction


6:2 Specific Requirements Applicable to Lateral Control


6:3 Design Parameters Affecting Compliance with Requirements


6:4 Various Forms of Lateral Control Surfaces


6:5 Instrumentation for Lateral Control Testing


6:6 Flight Test Procedure for Lateral Control Testing


6:7 Data Reduction and Typical Data

References

Chapter 7 Stalling and the Measurement of Maximum Lift

Abstract


7:1 Introduction


7:2 Maximum Lift


7:3 The Lift-Incidence Curve and Stalling Behavior


7:4 Drag


7:5 Pitching Moment


7:6 Investigation of Stalling Behavior


7:7 Measurement of Maximum Lift Coefficient


7:8 High Lift Devices and Stalling Behavior

Chapter 8 Spinning

Part I General Principles of Spinning

Abstract

Terminology


8:1 Introduction


8:2 Equilibrium in the Spin


8:3 The Methods of Recovery from the Spin and Control Effectiveness


8:4 The Oscillatory Spin


8:5 The Inverted Spin


8:6 Anti-Spin Parachutes

Part II Spin Flight Tests


8:7 Historical Background


8:8 Model Spin Tests and Full Scale Correlation


8:9 Design Considerations


8:10 Spinning of Unconventional Aircraft


8:11 Emergency Anti-Spin Devices


8:12 Spin Chute Cockpit Controls


8:13 Checks of Spin Chute Installation


8:14 Instrumentation


8:15 Choice of Pilot


8:16 The Flight Spin Tests


8:17 Reduction of Data


8:18 Presentation of Data in Graphical Form


8:19 General Form of the Test Report

Chapter 9 High Speed Stability and Control Problems

Terminology


9:1 Introduction


9:2 General Remarks on High Speed Stability and Control Flight Testing


9:3 Concept of the Altitude-Mach Number Flight Envelope


9:4 Concept of the Load Factor-Mach Number Flight Envelope


9:5 Testing Procedures for Some Special High Speed Stability and Control Problems


9:6 Testing Problems Associated with Irreversible Flight-Control Systems


9:7 Testing Problems Associated with Automatic Flight-Control Systems at High Speeds


9:8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10 Dynamic Response Techniques


10:1 Introduction


10:2 Symbols and Notation


10:3 Historical Sketch of Dynamic Stability Testing


10:4 Methods of Performing Dynamic Response Measurements


10:5 Equations of Motion


10:6 Fundamental Limitations on Derivative Extraction


10:7 Analysis Techniques


10:8 Conversion of Transient Response to Frequency Response Form


10:9 Nonstationary Flow Effects


10:10 Aeroelastic Effects


10:11 Examples of Results Obtained from Flight Tests

References

Chapter 11 Measurement and Interpretation of Flight Test Data for Dynamic Stability and Control

Abstract


11:1 Introduction


11:2 The Conduct of Flight Tests


11:3 General Instrument Requirements


11:4 Instrument Characteristics


11:5 Interpretation of Data

References

Chapter 12 Routine Handling Tests for Helicopters


12:1 Introduction


12:2 Preflight Tests


12:3 Starting, Run-Up, Taxying


12:4 Assessment of Controls in Flight


12:5 Assessment of Stability


12:6 Night Flying and Instrument Flying


12:7 Center of Gravity Range and Other Envelope Conditions


12:8 Standards of Acceptance

Chapter 13 Study of the Handling Characteristics of Helicopters by Harmonic Methods

Terminology


13:1 Statement of the Problem


13:2 Theoretical Study of the Transfer Function of a Helicopter in Hovering


13:3 Experimental Determination of Helicopter Response Characteristics


13:4 Introduction of a Human Pilot


13:5 Study of the Closed-Cycle Helicopter + Pilot


13:6 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 14 A Survey of Flight Flutter Testing Techniques

Preface


14:1 Introduction


14:2 Definition and Scope of Flight Flutter Testing


14:3 General Techniques of Flight Flutter Testing


14:4 Methods of Excitation


14:5 Measuring and Recording Methods


14:6 Conclusions

References