Spinal Cord Injury

Board Review

1st Edition - August 13, 2022
Editors: Blessen C. Eapen, David Cifu
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 3 8 9 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 3 9 0 - 5

The only review book currently available in this complex field, Spinal Cord Injury: Board Review focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of traumatic and… Read more

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The only review book currently available in this complex field, Spinal Cord Injury: Board Review focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries and dysfunction. Focused, high-yield content prepares you for success on exams and in practice, with up-to-date coverage of related injury assessment and management, acute and preventive medical care, common complications, physical, psychological, and vocational disabilities and complications—all equipping you to work as part of an interdisciplinary team with patients of all ages on a lifelong basis. Edited and written by seasoned authors and physicians in PM&R, this unique review tool is ideal for residents, fellows, and practitioners studying or working in the field and preparing to take the spinal cord injury medicine exam.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
Dedication
Section Editors
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Background
Chapter 1. Neurophysiology of the Spinal Cord
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Sensory and Motor Systems
Spinal Tracts
Ascending Tracts
Descending Tracts
Corticospinal Tract
Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Chapter 2. Neuroanatomy
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Bony Anatomy
Nerve Roots and Dermatomes
Neuroanatomical Organization of Gray and White Matter
Blood Supply
Spinal Meninges
Autonomic Nervous System
Review Questions
References
Chapter 3. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Genetics
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Incidence
Risk Factors
Other Risk Factors
Prevalence and Demographics
Injury Characteristics
Genetics
Summary
Review Questions
References
Chapter 4. Prevention of Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Types of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Review Questions
References
Chapter 5. Clinical and Basic Research
Abstract
Outline
Research and Statistical Methods
Neural Injury
Nerve Injury Classification
Preclinical Research and Regeneration
Review Questions
References
Section 2: Acute Injury Assessment and Care
Chapter 6. Prehospital Evaluation and Management
Abstract
Outline
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Immobilization
Transportation
Emergency Department Triage and Management
Review Questions
References
Chapter 7. Neurological Assessment and Classification
Abstract
Outline
Overview
Neurologic Assessment
Neurologic Classification
Review Questions
References
Chapter 8. Neuroimaging
Abstract
Outline
Advanced Imaging Basics
Review Questions
References
Chapter 9. Electrodiagnostics in Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Electrodiagnostics Background
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Evaluating for Comorbid Brachial Plexopathy
Evaluating for Motor Neuron Disease Versus Cervical Myelopathy
Diaphragmatic Pacing
Urodynamic Studies
Review Questions
References
Chapter 10. Functional Assessments
Abstract
Outline
Overview
Functional Independence Measure
Functional Independence Measure–Locomotor
Activity Outcome Measurement for Postacute Care
Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord Independence Measure
Spinal Cord Injury–Functional Index
International Standards of Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord Ability Ruler
Tetraplegia Hand Activity Questionnaire
Quadriplegia Index of Function
Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People With Spinal Cord Injury
Other Assessments
Review Questions
References
Chapter 11. Outcomes After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Neurological Recovery
Reference
Section 3: Medical Management
Chapter 12. Cardiovascular Issues in Spinal Cord Injury: Neurogenic Shock, Spinal Shock, and Orthostatic Hypotension
Abstract
Outline
Neurogenic Shock
Spinal Shock
Orthostatic Hypotension
Review Questions
References
Chapter 13. Autonomic Dysreflexia
Abstract
Outline
Definition
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Evaluation
Treatment–
Additional Autonomic Dysreflexia–Related Issues
Review Questions
References
Chapter 14. Pulmonary Issues After Spinal Cord Injury
Outline
Introduction
Respiratory Physiology in Individuals Without Spinal Cord Injury
Respiratory Function After Spinal Cord Injury
Acute Respiratory Assessment After Spinal Cord Injury
Ventilatory Management After Spinal Cord Injury
Secretion Management/Respiratory Support
Review Questions
References
Chapter 15. Sleep Disorders in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Anatomic and Physiologic Changes After Spinal Cord Injury Predisposing to Sleep Disorders
Sleep Disordered Breathing
Periodic Leg Movement and Restless Leg Syndrome
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders
Insomnia
Review Questions
References
Chapter 16. Thromboembolism/Deep Vein Thrombosis
Abstract
Outline
Epidemiology
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism
Review Questions
References
Chapter 17. Neurogenic Bowel
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
History and Physical Examination
Pathophysiology of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction
Treatment for Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction
Neurogenic Bowel and Gastrointestinal Complications
Conclusions
Review Questions
References
Chapter 18. Dysphagia and Common GI Issues After SCI
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Predictors of Risk of Dysphagia in Spinal Cord Injury Population
Evaluation of Swallowing
Treatment of Dysphagia
Complications of Dysphagia
Gastrointestinal Complications After Spinal Cord Injury
Review of Gastrointestinal Neuroregulatory Control
Early Symptoms of Abdominal Pathology After Spinal Cord Injury
Complications of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury
Review Questions
References
Chapter 19. Neurogenic Bladder
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathophysiology and Presentation
Evaluation
Management
Complications
Review Questions
References
Chapter 20. Urological Conditions in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Urological Pathology in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Chapter 21. Sexuality and Reproduction After Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Sexual Activity and Satisfaction After Spinal Cord Injury
Sexual Function in Women With Spinal Cord Injury
Sexual Function in Men With Spinal Cord Injury
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Chapter 22. Women’s Health After Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Gynecological Health
Fertility
Obstetric Care
Review Questions
References
Chapter 23. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Shoulder Pain
Elbow Pain
Wrist and Hand Pain
Prevention
Extremity Fractures and Contractures in Spinal Cord Injury
Fractures in Acute Spinal Cord Injury
Fractures in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Contractures in Spinal Cord Injury
Summary
Review Questions
References
Chapter 24. Heterotopic Ossification
Abstract
Outline
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Review Questions
References
Chapter 25. Spine Fractures, Dislocations, and Instability
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Spinal Instability
Fractures/Dislocations
Pediatric Spine Trauma
Summary
Review Questions
References
Chapter 26. Spine Complications
Abstract
Outline
Intradural Complications
Axial Complications
Charcot Spine
Differential
Complications
Review Questions
References
Chapter 27. Spinal Orthoses
Outline
Introduction
Orthotics Biomechanics
Cervical Orthoses
Cervical Thoracic Orthoses
Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses
Orthoses Thoracolumbar Fractures and Trauma
Lumbosacral Orthoses
Sacroiliac Orthoses
Orthoses for Spinal Deformity
Review Questions
References
Chapter 28. Posttraumatic Syringomyelia
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
History and Physical
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Other Tests
Histologic Findings
Treatment
Medical Issues and Complications
Surgical Intervention
Medications
Prognosis and Pitfalls
Review Questions
References
Chapter 29. Spasticity
Abstract
Outline
Overview
Definitions
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
Complications
Benefits
Treatment
Summary
Review Questions
References
Chapter 30. Thermoregulation and Sweating
Abstract
Review Questions
References
Chapter 31. Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury
Mechanism of Injury
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Outcomes of Dual Diagnosis
Review Questions
References
Chapter 32. Neuromodulatory and Disease-Modifying Agents
Abstract
Outline
Background
Physiology of Functional Electrical Stimulation
Functional Electrical Stimulation Components
Common Uses of Functional Electrical Stimulation
Disease-Modifying Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
Review Questions
References
Chapter 33. Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Prevention, Treatment, and Management
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Incidence
Pressure Injury Incidence in Spinal Cord Injury
Etiology
Risk Factors
Risk Assessment
Prevention
Wound Assessment
Management/Treatment
Conclusions
Review Questions
References
Chapter 34. Nutritional and Body Composition Assessments After Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Background
Nutrition and Initial Body Composition Changes During Critical Response
Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Weight Management
Dietary Interventions and Macronutrients
Fluid Requirements and Dietary Interventions for Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction
Dietary Interventions and Medical Concerns
Body Composition Assessment Techniques
Review Questions
References
Chapter 35. Endocrine/Metabolic
Outline
Introduction
Decreased Basal Metabolic Rate After Spinal Cord Injury
Disorders of Metabolic and Endocrine Consequences
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Chapter 36. Infections With Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
Review Questions
References
Chapter 37. Evaluation and Management of Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Prevalence and Etiology
Chronic Pain Classification (Table 37.1)
Assessing Spinal Cord Injury–Related Pain
Treatment Options
Conclusions
Review Questions
References
Chapter 38. Psychological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Affective Disorders
Cognitive Impairment
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
Review Questions
References
Section 4: Myelopathy
Chapter39. Traumatic Myelopathy
Abstract
Outline
Cervical Traumatic Myelopathy
Thoracolumbar Traumatic Myelopathy
Unspecified and Multilevel Myelopathy
Review Questions
References
Chapter 40. Nontraumatic Myelopathies
Abstract
Outline
Motor Neuron Diseases
Cervical Myelopathy
Infectious Myelopathies
Immune-Mediated and Inflammatory Myelopathies
Multiple Sclerosis
Neoplastic Myelopathies
Spinal Cord Injury Secondary to Vascular Disease
Radiation Myelopathy
Nutritional and Toxic Myelopathies
Hereditary and Congenital Myelopathies
Poliomyelitis and Postpolio Syndrome
Review Questions
References
Chapter 41. Myelopathy Without Specified Etiology
Abstract
Outline
Description/Definitions
Epidemiology
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Rehabilitation
Prognosis
Conclusions
Review Questions
References
Section 5: Long-Term Management and Outcomes
Chapter 42. Healthcare Maintenance for Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries/Disorders: Primary, Preventive, and Promotive Care
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Primary Care
Preventive Care
Promotive Care
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Chapter 43. Spinal Cord Injury and Aging
Abstract
Outline
Introduction
Organ Systems
Psychosocial
Summary
Review Questions
References
Chapter 44. Exercise and Modalities
Abstract
Outline
Therapeutic Exercise
Modalities
Nontraditional Therapies
Review Questions
References
Chapter 45. Functional Mobility Following Spinal Cord Injury
Outline
Early Mobility GoalsBed Mobility and Upright Sitting Tolerance
Transfers
Ambulation Following Spinal Cord InjuryPrognosis
Wheelchair Mobility, Seating, and Positioning
W
Power Assist: A Hybrid of Manual and Power
Review Questions
References
Chapter 46. Activities of Daily Living
Abstract
Outline
Activities of Daily Living
Functional Independence Measure
Projected Functional Outcomes and Adaptive Equipment/Functional Orthoses
Architectural Adaptations
Environmental Control Technology
Tendon Transfers
Review Questions
References
Chapter 47. Communication and Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Speech Production in Patients With Tracheostomy
Speech and Voice Disorders
Dysarthria
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Electronic Aids to Daily Living
Cognitive–Communication Deficits
Review Questions
References
Chapter 48. Participation/Living With Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
Outline
Recreation and Sports Activities
Community Access
Vocational Rehabilitation
Social Issues
Review Questions
References
Chapter 49. Rehabilitation Team
Abstract
Outline
Patient Safety
Social Resources
Advocacy
Practice Management
Review Questions
References
Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1 Neurophysiology of the Spinal Cord
Chapter 2 Neuroanatomy
Chapter 3 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Genetics
Chapter 4 Prevention of Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 5 Clinical and Basic Research
Chapter 6 Prehospital Evaluation and Management
Chapter 7 Neurological Assessment and Classification
Chapter 8 Neuroimaging
Chapter 9 Electrodiagnostics in Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 10 Functional Assessments
Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Issues in Spinal Cord Injury: Neurogenic Shock, Spinal Shock, and Orthostatic Hypotension
Chapter 13 Autonomic Dysreflexia
Chapter 14 Pulmonary Issues After Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 15 Sleep Disorders in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 16 Thromboembolism/Deep Vein Thrombosis
Chapter 17 Neurogenic Bowel
Chapter 18 Dysphagia and Common GI Issues After SCI
Chapter 19 Neurogenic Bladder
Chapter 20 Urological Conditions in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 21 Sexuality and Reproduction After Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 22 Women’s Health After Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 23 Musculoskeletal Disorders
Chapter 24 Heterotopic Ossification
Chapter 25 Spine Fractures, Dislocations, and Instability
Chapter 26 Spine Complications
Chapter 27 Spinal Orthoses
Chapter 28 Posttraumatic Syringomyelia
Chapter 29 Spasticity
Chapter 30 Thermoregulation and Sweating
Chapter 31 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 32 Neuromodulatory and Disease-Modifying Agents
Chapter 33 Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Prevention, Treatment, and Management
Chapter 34 Nutritional and Body Composition Assessments After Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 35 Endocrine/Metabolic
Chapter 36 Infections With Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 37 Evaluation and Management of Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 38 Psychological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 39 Traumatic Myelopathy
Chapter 40 Nontraumatic Myelopathies
Chapter 41 Myelopathy Without Specified Etiology
Chapter 42 Healthcare Maintenance for Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries/Disorders: Primary, Preventive, and Promotive Care
Chapter 43 Spinal Cord Injury and Aging
Chapter 44 Exercise and Modalities
Chapter 45 Functional Mobility Following Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 46 Activities of Daily Living
Chapter 47 Communication and Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 48 Participation/Living With Spinal Cord Injury
Chapter 49 Rehabilitation Team
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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