Specialty Imaging: Temporomandibular Joint and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and Neck
Roya Sohaey, MD

14 TMJ Embryology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

20 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD

26 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract Morphology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS

40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS

48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory System
Alberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ Biomechanics
Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD

58 4D Mandibular Movements
Domingo Martín, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD

64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory Tract
Jay Harris Levy, DDS

72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ Posture
Jay Harris Levy, DDS

80 The Tricentric Concept of Occlusion
Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ Biomechanics
Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments
Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ

118 TMJ Osseous Components
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

130 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

136 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

144 TMJ Innervation
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

146 TMJ Vasculature
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

MUSCLES

150 Muscles of Mastication
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

178 Tongue
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

182 Posterior Cervical Muscles
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

JAWS

186 Mandible
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

192 Maxilla
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

200 Teeth
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

TEMPORAL BONE

206 Temporal Bone
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

222 Sinonasal Overview
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

236 Ostiomeatal Unit
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

240 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

250 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

256 Hypopharynx
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

SKULL BASE

266 Skull Base Overview
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

272 Anterior Skull Base
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

278 Central Skull Base
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

284 Posterior Skull Base
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ

294 Cranial Nerves Overview
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

318 Facial Nerve (CNVII)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

332 Vagus Nerve (CNX)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS

348 Cervical Spine
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

366 Craniocervical Junction
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

380 Hyoid Bone
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

388 Imaging Decision Making
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

HARD TISSUE IMAGING

390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJ
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory Tract
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

398 Arthrography
Richard W. Katzberg, MD

400 Introduction to CBCT Imaging
Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.

408 CBCT Analysis of TMJ
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

424 Radiation Dose in CBCT
Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS

428 Introduction to MDCT Imaging
Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis
Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SOFT TISSUE IMAGING

442 Introduction to MR Imaging
Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA

450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD

454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging
Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

460 Introduction to US Imaging
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc

468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

474 Arthroscopy
Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD

482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic Findings
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

494 Functional Disorders of Muscles
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS

508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJ
Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS

520 Hemifacial Microsomia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

524 Pierre Robin Sequence
Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

528 Treacher Collins Syndrome
Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS

530 Condylar Hypoplasia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

534 Condylar Hyperplasia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

540 Coronoid Hyperplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

544 Hemimandibular Elongation
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

550 Foramen Tympanicum
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

TRAUMA

552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

558 TMJ Dislocation
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

560 Bifid Condyle
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

564 Osteochondritis Dissecans
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

566 Rheumatoid Arthritis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

572 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

578 Septic Arthritis
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

582 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

588 Degenerative Joint Disease
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

592 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

598 Synovial Cyst
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

600 TMJ Ganglion Cyst
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS

602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

612 Overview of Disc Displacements
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

618 Disc Displacement With Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

624 Disc Displacement Without Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

630 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

636 Adhesions
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

638 US of TMJ Internal Derangement
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

ACQUIRED CONDITIONS

644 Dual Bite
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum Formation
Alberto Canabez, MD, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD

654 Fibrous Ankylosis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

656 Bony Ankylosis
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

658 Osteoradionecrosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

662 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

666 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

672 Osteochondroma
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

678 Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, Ph

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

680 Chondrosarcoma
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

684 Osteosarcoma
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

686 Metastasis
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

MISCELLANEOUS

688 Simple Bone Cyst
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

690 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

694 Fibrous Dysplasia
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc　

OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS

698 Attrition
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

700 Abfraction
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

701 Hypercementosis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

702 Cemental Fractures
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

704 Alveolar Process Exostosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

706 Torus Mandibularis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

708 Torus Palatinus
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

SECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS
ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD

712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal Origin
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections
Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR

720 Osteomyelitis of Jaw
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

724 Perineural Tumor Spread
Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

TMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES

728 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMD
Ben J. Balough, MD

736 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging Issues
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

742 EAC-Acquired Cholesteatoma
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

743 Necrotizing External Otitis
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

744 Keratosis Obturans
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

745 EAC Osteoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

746 Medial Canal Fibrosis
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

747 EAC Basal Cell Carcinoma
Nayela Keen, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J.
Balough, MD

748 EAC Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Hilda E. Stambuk, MD

749 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

750 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent Otomastoiditis
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

751 Labyrinthitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD

752 Pars Flaccida Cholesteatoma
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

753 Temporal Bone Fibrous Dysplasia
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

754 Temporal Bone Fractures
Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, and
Bradley Strong, MD

756 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid Malignancy
Hilda E. Stambuk, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MD

CERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO TMD OR SDB

758 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

762 Cervical Spondylosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

763 Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

764 Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

766 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine
Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

770 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical Spine
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

771 Ligamentous Injury
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

772 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

773 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

774 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition,
Cervical Spine
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

775 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

MASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS

776 Masticator Space Overview
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

780 Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry
Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

781 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

782 CNV3 Motor Denervation
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

784 Masticator Space Abscess
Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS,
DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

786 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

787 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

788 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

790 Masticator Space Sarcoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

792 Bell Palsy
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

793 Hemifacial Spasm
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD

794 Trigeminal Neuralgia
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD

SECTION 6: SDB-RELATED UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DIAGNOSES
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SDB

798 Classification of SDB Disorders
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Ulas Oz, DDs, PhD

800 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of SDB
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD

806 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of SDB to
Radiographic Findings
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD, Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

808 Nasal Risk Factors for SDB
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

810 Paranasal Sinus Risk Factors for SDB
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

812 Nasopharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

814 Oropharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

816 Cervical Spine-Related Risk Factors for SDB
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS THAT CARRY RISK FOR SDB

818 Cleft Lip and Palate
Roya Sohaey, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

822 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

824 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Kara G. Gill, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

826 Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

830 Mucopolysaccharidosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

831 CHARGE Syndrome
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

832 Cherubism
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SINONASAL COMPLEX ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY

834 Nasal Cycle, Normal Physiology
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL

836 Deviated Nasal Septum
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

838 Concha Bullosa
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

840 Accessory Ostia
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

842 Sinus Hypoplasia/Aplasia
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

846 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

847 Choanal Atresia
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

848 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

849 Nasal Glioma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

850 Nasal Dermal Sinus
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

851 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

852 Upper Airway Infantile Hemangioma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

853 Skull Base CSF Leak
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL

854 Acute Rhinosinusitis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

858 Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Philip R. Chapman, MD

859 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

860 Odontogenic Sinusitis
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

862 Sinus Mycetoma
Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

863 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

864 Sinonasal Polyposis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

865 Solitary Sinonasal Polyp
Philip R. Chapman, MD

866 Sinonasal Mucocele
Philip R. Chapman, MD

870 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

872 Sinonasal Organized Hematoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD

873 Silent Sinus Syndrome
Philip R. Chapman, MD

874 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)
Philip R. Chapman, MD

875 Nasal Cocaine Necrosis
Philip R. Chapman, MD
BENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL

876 Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

877 Sinonasal Osteoma
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

878 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A.
Michel, MD

879 Juvenile Angiofibroma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

880 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

881 Sinonasal Hemangioma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

882 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath Tumor
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

883 Sinonasal Benign Mixed Tumor
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

MALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL

884 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

888 Esthesioneuroblastoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

889 Sinonasal Melanoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

890 Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

891 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

892 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

893 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

894 Sinonasal Chondrosarcoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

895 Sinonasal Osteosarcoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

896 Rhabdomyosarcoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

897 Skull Base Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

NASOPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY
ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX

898 Tornwaldt Cyst
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

899 Fossa Navicularis Magna
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD

900 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal
C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX

901 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal Space
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

902 Adenoid Vegetation/Hypertrophy
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

BENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

906 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

907 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and Neck
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

908 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

909 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and Neck
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD

910 Invasive Pituitary Macroadenoma
C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

MALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

911 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Aparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

912 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

913 Extraosseous Chordoma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

914 Skull Base Plasmacytoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD

OROPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY
ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX

915 Congenital Vallecular Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

916 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

917 Lingual Thyroid
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX

918 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

919 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

920 Tonsillar Inflammation
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

921 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar Abscess
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

BENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX

922 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

923 Carotid Space Schwannoma
Karen L. Salzman, MD

924 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed Tumor
Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

MALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARYNX

925 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

926 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal Space
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

927 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

928 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and Neck
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

929 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Aparna Singhal, MD

930 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

931 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal Space
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

932 Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Kathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

934 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD

SECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
CONDYLAR POSITION

938 Anterior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

944 Posterior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

950 Superior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

956 Inferior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE

962 Small Condyle
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

968 Large Condyle
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

972 Large Coronoid Process
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONDYLAR EROSION

974 Well-Defined Erosion
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

980 Poorly Defined Erosion
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

CHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY

984 TMJ Low-Density Entities
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

986 TMJ High-Density Entities
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

MISCELLANEOUS

990 Calcifications Associated With the TMJ
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

992 Soft Tissue Calcifications, Head and Neck
Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

SECTION 8: TMJ CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
RANGE OF MOTION

998 Limited Oral Opening
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1004 Hypermobility
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SOUNDS

1006 Joint Sounds
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1008 Tinnitus
C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OCCLUSION/SYMMETRY CHANGES

1014 Asymmetry
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1020 Anterior Open Bite
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1026 Posterior Open Bite
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 9: SDB RISK FACTORS, RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES

1034 Blocked Nasal Valves
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1038 Large Nasal Turbinates
Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1042 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous Lesions
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1044 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1048 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1052 Perforated Nasal Septum
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1054 Nasal Lesion Without Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1058 Nasal Lesion With Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

NASOPHARYNX

1062 Soft Tissue Entities in Nasopharynx
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OROPHARYNX

1068 Soft Tissue Enlargement of Lateral Pharyngeal Wall
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1072 Soft Tissue Between Tongue and Epiglottis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 10: SDB RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
CHANGES IN CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND POSITION

1078 Convex Facial Profile
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1080 Small Maxilla
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1082 Forward Head Posture
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc　

CHANGES IN BREATHING PATTERN

1084 Nasal Obstruction
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD

CHANGES IN TEETH

1088 Flared and Proclined Teeth
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1092 Crossbite
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OTHER FACIAL CHANGES

1096 Dark Circles Under Eyes
Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 11: IMAGING OF TMJ PROCEDURES
OROFACIAL PAIN AND TMJ INJECTIONS

1100 TMJ Injection
Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

1102 Trigeminal Nerve Injection
Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1106 Scalp Block for Migraines and Facial Pain
Daewoong Lee, MD

1110 Trigger Points
Daewoong Lee, MD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA

TMJ SURGERY

1112 Total Joint Replacement
Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD

1124 TMJ Disc Replacement
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD

1126 TMJ Arthroscopic Surgery Cascade
Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 12: IMAGING OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR SDB
SINONASAL PROCEDURES

1132 Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction
Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1134 Adenoidectomy
Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1136 Tonsillectomy
Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

MAXILLARY-MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT

1138 Introduction to Orthognathic Surgery
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1144 LeFort 1 Osteotomy
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1148 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomies
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1154 MMA for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD