Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1. Historical Survey of Space Radiation Biology


1.1 Introduction


1.2 Radiation from beyond the Earth


1.3 Radiation around the Earth


1.4 Particles from the Sun


1.5 Study of Space Radiation Hazards


1.6 Space Radiations in Chemical and Biological Evolution

References

Chapter 2. Radiation Physics and Evaluation of Current Hazards


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Sources of Radiation


2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter


2.4 Dose and Dose-Rate Profiles in Space Flight


2.5 Trapped Particle Dose Profiles


2.6 Active Shielding Concepts


2.7 Planetary Radiation Environments


2.8 Summary

References

Chapter 2A. Solar Electromagnetic Radiation


2A.1 General Features of Solar Radiation


2A.2 Solar Radio Emissions


2A.3 Solar X-Rays


2A.4 Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

References

Chapter 3. Particle Irradiation Methods


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Heavy Charged-Particle Properties


3.3 Detectors


3.4 Beam Measurements


3.5 Irradiation Techniques


3.6 Future Accelerator Capabilities

References

Chapter 4. Cellular Radiation Biology


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Molecules of Biological Interest


4.3 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Viruses


4.4 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Microorganisms


4.5 Genetic Effects of Heavy Charged Particles


4.6 Effects of Heavy Charged Particles on Mammalian Cells in Vitro


4.7 Summary of Heavy Charged-Particle Effects


4.8 Effects of Radiations of Various LETs on Mammalian Cells in Vivo


4.9 Some Heavy-Ion Experiments with Natural Radiation


4.10 Cellular Effects of Ultraviolet Light

References

Chapter 5. Radiation and Molecular and Biological Evolution


5.1 Interactions of Radiations with the Earth's Atmosphere


5.2 Radiation and Chemical Evolution


5.3 Evolution of Genetic Information


5.4 Radiation and the Evolution of Microorganisms


5.5 Space Radiation and Evolutionary Catastrophes


5.6 Radiation and Extraterrestrial Origins of Life

References

Chapter 6. Magnetic Fields and Their Biological Effects


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Effects Involving Magnetic Fields, Electromotive Forces, and Moving Conductors


6.3 Magnetic Effects on the Physical Chemistry of Biosystems


6.4 Magnetic Field Observations on Organisms


6.5 Conclusions and Future Paths of Inquiry

References

Chapter 6A. Relevant Principles of Magnetism and Biomagnetics


6A.1 Concept of Magnetism


6A.2 Magnetic Field Definitions


6A.3 Molecular Basis of Magnetism


6A.4 Quantum Energetics


6A.5 Chemical Bonding


6A.6 Thermodynamics


6A.7 Types of Magnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems


6A.8 Proposed Molecular Mechanisms

References

Chapter 7. Results of Radiobiological Experiments on Satellites


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Satellites


7.3 Description of Experiments


7.4 Results of Satellite Experiments


7.5 Future Work

References

Chapter 8. Mammalian Radiobiology and Space Flight


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Acute Radiation Syndrome


8.3 Acute Central Nervous System Syndrome


8.4 Gastrointestinal Syndrome


8.5 Acute Hematopoietic Syndrome


8.6 Prodromal Response


8.7 General Cellular, Tissue, and Metabolic Effects


8.8 Radiation Effects on Skin


8.9 Effects of Radiation on Functional Performance


8.10 Combined Stresses

References

Chapter 9. Cireadian Rhythmometry of Mammalian Radiosensitivity


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Pitfalls in Radiobiological Rhythmometry


9.3 Some New Results in Radiobiological Rhythmometry


9.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Human Radiation Tolerance


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Acute Radiation Syndrome


10.3 Human Central Nervous System Syndrome


10.4 Human Gastrointestinal Syndrome—Lethality


10.5 Acute Hematopoietic Syndrome


10.6 Prodromal Syndrome (Radiation Sickness)


10.7 Other Tissue Radiation Effects in Man


10.8 Quantitation of Human Radiation Tolerances


10.9 Multiple Exposures


10.10 Radiation Policy in Space

References

Chapter 11. Mathematical Models of Mammalian Radiation Response for Space Applications


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Existing Physiological Recovery Models


11.3 Longevity—Observations and Models


11.4 Radiation Exposure Status

References

Chapter 11A. Cell Kinetics and Radiation Recovery Models


11A.1 Introduction


11A.2 Sacher's Division Delay Model


11A.3 Von Foerster Equation


11A.4 Diffusion Equation Model


11A.5 State Vector Model


11A.6 Monte Carlo Model


11A.7 Age Transfer Model


11A.8 Summary

References

Chapter 12 Current Topics in Space Radiation Biology


12.1 Introduction


12.2 Artificial Radiation Sources in Space


12.3 Radiation and Weightlessness


12.4 Phosphenes in Space Flight


12.5 Soviet View of Space Radiation Hazards and Policies


12.6 Cosmic Abiogenesis

References

Author Index

Subject Index