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Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children
- 10th Edition - November 30, 2021
- Editors: Peter J. Davis, Franklyn P. Cladis
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 9 8 2 5 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 9 8 2 6 - 9
Written and edited by renowned experts in pediatric anesthesia, Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children provides clear, concise guidance on effective perioperative… Read more
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Request a sales quoteWritten and edited by renowned experts in pediatric anesthesia, Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children provides clear, concise guidance on effective perioperative care for any type of pediatric surgery. The 10th Edition contains significantly revised content throughout, bringing you fully up to date with recent advances in clinical and basic science that have led to changes in today’s clinical practice.
Offers comprehensive coverage of physiology, pharmacology, and clinical anesthetic management of infants and children of all ages.
Contains new chapters on Airway Physiology and Development, Normal and Difficult Airway Management, Ultrasound, Acute Pain Management, Chronic Pain Management, Palliative Pain Management, Infectious Diseases, and Education; plus extensively revised content on cardiovascular physiology; induction, maintenance, and recovery; organ transplantation, and more.
Features more than 100 video demonstrations, including regional anesthesia videos, echocardiograms of congenital heart lesions, anatomic dissections of various congenital heart specimens with audio explanations, various pediatric surgical operative procedures, airway management, and much more.
Provides outstanding visual guidance throughout, including full-color photographs, drawings, graphs and charts, and radiographic images.
Includes quick-reference appendices online: drug dosages, growth curves, normal values for pulmonary function tests, and a listing of common and uncommon syndromes.
Provides an interactive question bank online for review and self-assessment.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Pediatric Anesthesiologists, Nurse Anesthetists and Pain Management Specialists
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Video contents
- List of Tables
- List of Illustrations
- Part I. Basic Principles and Physiology
- 1. Special characteristics of pediatric anesthesia
- Introduction
- Perioperative monitoring
- Anesthetic agents
- Airway devices and adjuncts
- Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in neonates
- Point of care ultrasound
- Regional analgesia in infants and children
- Fundamental differences in infants and children
- Summary
- References
- References
- 2. Behavioral development
- Introduction
- Prenatal growth
- Postnatal growth
- Developmental assessment
- Motor development
- Language development
- Cognitive development
- Clinical relevance of growth and development in pediatric anesthesia
- Neuropsychological testing as a tool for assessing the neurodevelopmental effects of anesthesia
- Anesthetic neurotoxicity
- Clinical trials
- Summary and recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 3. Respiratory physiology
- Development of the respiratory system
- Neonatal respiratory adaptation
- Control of breathing
- Lung volumes
- Mechanics of breathing
- Dynamic properties and airway resistance
- Gas diffusion
- Pulmonary circulation
- Oxygen transport
- Surface activity and pulmonary surfactant
- Ciliary activity
- Measurements of pulmonary function in infants and children
- Special considerations for pediatric pulmonary diseases
- Summary
- References
- References
- 4. Airway physiology and development
- Developmental anatomy
- Developmental physiology
- Developmental airway physics
- References
- References
- 5. Cardiovascular physiology
- Introduction
- Developmental aspects of cardiomyocyte structure and function
- Subcellular structures
- Fetal circulation
- Myocardial performance
- Central nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function
- Assessment of the cardiovascular system
- Summary
- References
- Anesthetic effects on the cardiovascular system
- References
- 6. Regulation of fluids and electrolytes
- Introduction
- Overview of anatomy and physiology
- Maturation of renal function
- Fluid and electrolyte needs in healthy infants and children
- Dehydration in infants and children
- Perioperative parenteral guidelines of fluids and electrolytes
- Disorders of sodium metabolism
- Disorders of potassium metabolism
- Diuretic therapy
- Anesthetic agents and the kidneys
- Disorders of divalent ion metabolism
- Summary
- References
- References
- 7. Thermoregulation
- Introduction
- Temperature monitoring
- Physiology of thermal regulation
- Heat-loss mechanisms
- Heat generation
- Thermal regulation in the newborn
- Effect of anesthesia on thermoregulation
- Adverse effects of hypothermia
- Prevention of hypothermia
- Summary
- References
- References
- Part II. Pharmacology
- 8. Developmental pharmacology
- Introduction
- Physiology and development
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetic parameters
- Nonlinear pharmacokinetics
- Compartment models
- Context-sensitive half-time
- Pharmacometrics
- References
- References
- 9. Intravenous anesthetics
- Introduction
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines and antagonists
- Other sedative agents
- Summary
- References
- References
- 10. Inhaled anesthetics
- Introduction
- Physicochemical properties of inhaled anesthetics
- Pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics
- Pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics
- Toxicity and adverse effects
- Environmental impact of inhaled anesthetics
- Summary
- References
- References
- 11. Local anesthetics
- Physiochemical properties
- Mechanisms of action
- Systemic absorption
- Distribution
- Protein binding
- Metabolism
- Clearance
- Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (last)
- New directions
- References
- References
- 12. Opioids
- Introduction
- Pharmacogenetics
- Opioid analgesics
- Opioid agonist-antagonists
- Abuse-deterrent formulations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 13. Neuromuscular blocking agents
- Introduction
- Developmental anatomy and physiology of neuromuscular transmission
- Neuromuscular monitoring
- Neuromuscular blockade in children
- Depolarizing neuromuscular blockade
- Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade
- Reversal of neuromuscular blockade
- Summary
- References
- References
- 14. Anesthetic adjuncts
- Introduction
- Anticholinergic agents
- Adjunctive pain medications (Table 14.2 and Table 14.3)
- Antiemetics
- Serotonin antagonists
- Other agents
- Antihistamines
- Summary
- References
- References
- Part III. General Approach
- 15. Psychological aspects of pediatric anesthesia
- Introduction
- Identification of children at risk for preoperative anxiety
- Instruments to measure preoperative anxiety
- Risk factors
- Interventions to reduce anxiety
- Outcomes
- Conclusion
- Additional online material
- References
- References
- 16. Preoperative preparation
- Psychology of hospitalization
- Preoperative medical evaluation and preparation
- Preparing patients in a more global context
- Summary
- References
- References
- 17. Equipment
- Introduction
- Humidifiers
- Anesthesia breathing systems
- Anesthesia machines
- Warming devices
- Face masks
- Oral and nasal airway devices
- Intravenous equipment
- Summary
- References
- References
- 18. Monitoring
- Basic monitoring
- Physical examination
- Electrocardiography
- Systemic arterial pressure
- Systolic pressure variation
- Central venous pressure
- Mixed venous oxygenation and monitoring
- Pulmonary artery catheters
- Transesophageal echocardiography
- Noninvasive respiratory gas monitoring
- Monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Pulse oximetry
- Temperature
- Urine output
- Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade
- Cerebral monitoring
- Processed EEG data
- Near-infrared spectroscopy
- Direct neurophysiologic monitoring
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 19. Normal and difficult airway management
- Introduction
- Preanesthetic clinical assessment and preparation
- Case preparation
- Airway management options
- Optimizing intubating conditions
- Rapid sequence induction and intubation
- Management of the difficult pediatric airway
- Restoration of the natural airway
- Emergency front of neck access
- Shared airway
- Care of patient with a surgically reconstructed airway
- Common complications of pediatric airway management
- Summary
- References
- References
- 20. Point-of-care ultrasonography
- Introduction
- Ultrasound fundamentals
- Ultrasound-guided vascular access
- Lung ultrasound
- Airway ultrasound
- Gastric ultrasound
- Fluid status ultrasound
- Summary
- References
- References
- 21. Induction, maintenance, and recovery
- Introduction
- Induction of general anesthesia
- Maintenance of anesthesia
- Pharmacologic agents
- Desflurane
- Isoflurane
- Intravenous agents
- Propofol
- Dexmedetomidine
- Adjuvant agents
- Regional anesthesia
- Monitoring
- Fluid and electrolytes
- Ventilation
- Temperature maintenance
- Blood loss and blood component therapy
- Emergence and extubation
- Postanesthetic care unit
- Common problems in the postanesthetic care unit
- Respiratory system
- Discharge from the postanesthetic care unit
- Summary
- References
- References
- 22. Transfusion medicine
- Hemoglobin structure and function in the neonate, infant, and child
- Physiologic anemia and the anemia of prematurity
- Preoperative anemia
- Erythrocyte antigens and compatibility testing
- Perioperative strategies for blood conservation
- Miscellaneous techniques for reducing intraoperative blood loss
- Transfusion triggers
- Transfusion of fresh whole blood or reconstituted whole blood
- Transfusion of red blood cells
- Transfusion in patients younger than 4 months
- Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma
- Transfusion of platelets
- Transfusion-associated complications
- Massive transfusion
- Intraoperative blood recovery
- Blood substitutes
- Summary
- References
- References
- Part IV. Pain Management
- 23. Acute pain management
- Introduction
- Neurophysiology of pain
- Genetics of pain
- Pain assessment
- Pharmacologic management of pain: The conundrum of “off-label” drug use
- Multimodal analgesia
- Nonpharmacologic management of pain
- Pharmacologic management of pain
- Complications of opioid therapy
- Analgesic adjuvants
- Pediatric enhanced recovery after surgery: Basic considerations and the role of multimodal analgesia
- Sleep
- The opioid epidemic and considerations for outpatient opioid prescribing
- New directions
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 24. Regional anesthesia
- Introduction
- Safety
- Pharmacologic differences between children and adults
- Techniques for regional block placement
- Neuraxial blocks
- Head and neck blocks
- Trunk blocks
- Upper-extremity nerve blocks
- Lower-extremity nerve blocks
- Perineural catheters
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 25. Chronic pain management
- Introduction
- Development of nociception and pain pathways
- Pain assessment
- Principles in the treatment of chronic pain
- Specific chronic pain conditions
- Chest pain
- Neuropathic pain and CRPS
- Abdominal and pelvic pain
- Musculoskeletal pain conditions
- Cystic fibrosis
- Cancer-related pain
- Conclusions
- References
- References
- 26. Pediatric palliative care and hospice
- Introduction
- Symptom management and monitoring
- Advanced care planning
- Palliative care in the perioperative period
- Challenges for the incorporation of palliative care services into the perioperative period
- Palliative sedation
- Training in palliative care
- Outcomes in palliative care
- Conclusions
- References
- References
- Part V. Clinical Management of Specialized Surgical Problems
- 27. Neonatology for anesthesiologists
- Brief history of modern neonatology
- Developmental origins of adult disease
- Development of the fetus and the intrauterine environment
- Perinatal events
- Labor and delivery
- The placenta: In utero function and umbilical cord clamping
- Neonatal asphyxia
- Apgar score
- Gestational age
- The premature infant
- Metabolic status: Early postnatal period
- Apnea of the newborn
- Developmental physiology airway
- The pulmonary system
- The cardiovascular system
- The central nervous system
- Hepatic function
- Renal function
- Hematologic function
- Survival and outcomes
- Summary
- References
- References
- 28. Anesthesia for general surgery in neonates
- Introduction
- Anesthetic pharmacology in the neonate
- General approach to intraoperative monitoring of the neonate
- Minimal-access surgery in the neonate
- Specific neonatal surgical lesions
- Summary
- References
- References
- 29. Anesthesia for fetal surgery
- Introduction
- History of fetal surgery
- Ethical considerations
- Patient selection
- Types of fetal interventions
- Complications of fetal procedures
- Physiologic considerations
- Anesthetic considerations for fetal procedures
- Specific fetal procedures
- Summary
- References
- References
- 30. Anesthesia for congenital heart disease
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of congenital heart disease
- Factors increasing anesthetic risk
- General approach to anesthetic management for congenital heart surgery
- Anesthetic considerations for noncardiac procedures
- Specific lesions
- Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children
- Heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation
- Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization
- Adult congenital heart disease
- Summary
- References
- References
- 31. Anesthesia for neurosurgery
- Introduction
- Anatomy and neurophysiology
- Preoperative evaluation and preparation
- Intraoperative management principles
- Postoperative considerations
- Anesthetic considerations for specific conditions
- Summary
- References
- References
- 32. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery
- Introduction
- Thoracoscopy
- Surgery for chest wall deformities
- Thoracotomy, lobectomy, and pneumonectomy
- Single-lung ventilation techniques
- Postoperative care
- Thoracic surgical lesions
- Surgical diseases of the mediastinum
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 33. Anesthesia for general abdominal, urologic surgery
- Introduction
- General surgical procedures
- Urologic procedures
- Summary
- References
- References
- 34. Anesthesia for otorhinolaryngologic surgery
- Introduction
- Rhinologic procedures
- Ear procedures
- Pharynx and larynx
- Sleep and anesthesia
- Surgeries of the laryngopharynx and trachea
- Airway endoscopy
- Debulking procedures for laryngeal papillomatosis
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 35. Anesthesia for plastic surgery
- Introduction
- Craniofacial
- Extremity surgery
- Conclusion
- References
- References
- Additional references
- 36. Anesthesia for orthopedic surgery
- Introduction
- Prevention of surgical site infection
- Prevention of deep vein thrombosis
- Scoliosis
- Osteosarcoma
- Syndromes of disproportionate short stature: Dwarfism
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteopetrosis
- Cerebral palsy
- Joint disorders
- Heritable connective tissue disorders: Marfan syndrome, loeys-dietz syndrome, and ehlers-danlos syndrome
- Distraction osteogenesis: Ilizarov method
- Spinal cord injury during lower extremity surgery
- Clubfoot
- Developmental dysplasia of the hip
- Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
- Fractures
- Summary
- References
- References
- 37. Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Anatomy and physiology
- General considerations in caring for the ophthalmologic patient
- General anesthetic considerations
- Intraoperative and postoperative complications
- Specific pathology: Surgical and anesthetic management
- Summary
- References
- References
- 38. Solid organ transplantation
- Organ donor management
- Kidney transplantation
- Liver transplantation
- Pancreas transplantation
- Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 39. Anesthesia for conjoined twins
- Introduction
- Incidence
- Historical perspectives
- Embryology
- Classification, nomenclature, and terminology
- Ethics
- Perinatal considerations
- Medical and surgical management
- Investigations
- Planning before surgery
- Anesthetic care of conjoined twins
- Anesthesia for nonseparation procedures
- Anesthesia for separation
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 40. Anesthesia for pediatric trauma
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pediatric trauma systems
- Pediatric trauma systems and centers
- Quality assessment
- Trauma scoring systems
- Primary and secondary surveys
- Anesthetic perioperative management
- Specific injuries
- Pediatric disaster preparedness
- Summary
- References
- References
- 41. Anesthesia for burns
- Epidemiology
- Injury assessment
- Pathophysiology
- System-specific abnormalities
- Other burn injuries
- Reconstructive procedures
- Anesthesia for procedural sedation
- Summary
- References
- References
- 42. Anesthesia for dental procedures
- Introduction
- Human dentition
- Dental pathophysiology
- Patient spectrum
- Dentist’s needs and techniques
- Sedation and anesthesia for dental procedures
- Postoperative problems
- Summary
- References
- References
- 43. Anesthesia and sedation for out-of-operating-room procedures
- Introduction
- Organization of anesthesia outside of the operating room
- Periprocedural patient care
- Anesthesia sites outside of the operating room
- Gastrointestinal endoscopy
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
- Summary
- References
- References
- 44. Pediatric sedation
- Introduction
- Guidelines for sedation practice
- Clinical sedation practice
- Sedation medications
- Reversal agents
- Safety and quality
- Summary
- References
- References
- 45. Anesthesia for surgical missions
- Introduction
- Preparation prior to going on a surgical mission
- Insuring adequacy of the mission site and team composition and planning for educational and clinical duties
- Duties on-site prior to commencing surgery
- Perioperative patient management
- Quality assurance/improvement
- Conclusions
- References
- References
- Part VI. Systemic Disorders and Associated Problems
- 46. Endocrine disorders
- Diabetes mellitus
- Intravenous insulin infusion
- “Classic regimen”
- Diabetes insipidus
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Adrenal insufficiency caused by primary abnormalities of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression caused by exogenous steroid therapy
- Thyroid disorders
- Pheochromocytoma
- Congenital hyperinsulinism
- References
- References
- 47. Respiratory disorders
- Asthma
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Cystic fibrosis
- Nontransplant anesthesia in pediatric lung transplant recipients
- Complicated pneumonias requiring intervention
- Children on home ventilators
- References
- References
- 48. Cardiovascular disorders
- Introduction
- Congenital heart disease
- Cardiomyopathy
- Infectious/inflammatory
- Toxins
- Trauma
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 49. Hematology and coagulation disorders
- Introduction
- Overview of the hemostatic system
- Maturation of hemostasis
- Monitoring of hemostasis
- Congenital coagulation abnormalities
- Acquired coagulation abnormalities
- Acquired coagulopathies of secondary hemostasis
- Acquired coagulopathies of tertiary hemostasis
- Red blood cell and hemoglobin abnormalities
- Intraoperative management of coagulopathies
- References
- References
- 50. Oncologic disorders
- Introduction
- Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- Central nervous system: Medulloblastoma
- Abdomen: Neuroblastoma
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- Anesthetic management
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 51. Genetic and muscular disorders
- Overview
- Normal skeletal muscle contraction
- Anesthetic impact on neuromuscular physiology
- Summary
- References
- References
- 52. Malignant hyperthermia
- History
- Prevalence, incidence, and penetrance
- Triggering agents
- Clinical presentations
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- References
- References
- 53. Pediatric obesity
- Introduction
- Prevalence, definition, and measurement of pediatric obesity
- Pediatric obesity-related comorbidities
- Behavioral and pharmacologic management of obesity
- Surgical management of pediatric obesity
- Anesthetic considerations of obesity in children
- Summary
- References
- References
- 54. Special pediatric disorders
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Down syndrome
- Anaphylaxis and latex allergy
- Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- Epidermolysis bullosa
- Mucopolysaccharidosis
- References
- References
- 55. Dermatology for the anesthesiologist
- Introduction
- Infectious diseases
- Dermatology
- References
- References
- 56. Infectious diseases
- Introduction: The challenge of healthcare-associated infection
- HAI and microbiology in pediatric patients
- Pathogens of special interest: Antibiotic-resistant infections and important HAI
- Infection prevention recommendations
- Conclusion
- References
- References
- Part VII. Critical Care in Pediatric Anesthesia
- 57. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Cardiac arrest during anesthesia
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Reestablishment of circulation
- Medications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Electrical interventions for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Arrhythmias during cardiac arrest
- Anesthesia-associated considerations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Extracorporeal life support as adjunctive therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Teamwork during intraoperative cardiac arrest
- Postresuscitation care
- Summary
- References
- References
- 58. Critical care medicine
- Introduction: Critical care medicine
- Respiratory system
- Shock
- Acute neurologic dysfunction
- Renal dysfunction
- Hematologic dysfunction
- Nutritional support and gastrointestinal dysfunction
- Endocrinopathies
- The role of the intensivist
- Acknowledgment
- References
- References
- 59. Cardiac critical care medicine
- Background and historical context
- Organizational aspects, training, and staffing
- Perioperative cardiac intensive care unit care
- Monitoring
- Pharmacologic support
- Mechanical ventilation
- Nutritional support
- Nosocomial infections and prophylaxis
- Sedation and analgesia
- Management of common postoperative issues
- Mechanical circulatory support modalities
- Postoperative management of specific lesions
- Special considerations in the cardiac intensive care unit
- Summary
- References
- References
- Part VIII. Special Topics
- 60. Safety and outcome in pediatric anesthesia
- Introduction
- History of safety
- Theory and terminology
- Creating a safety culture
- Specific tools
- Measuring outcomes
- National pediatric perioperative quality/safety initiatives
- Quality improvement in the real world: Examples from clinical practice
- Getting started
- References
- References
- 61. History of pediatric anesthesia
- Introduction
- Phase I: Pediatric anesthesia before 1940
- Phase II: Emergence of pediatric anesthesia, 1940 to 1960
- Phase III: Era of nonflammable anesthetics, 1960 to 1980
- Phase IV: Progress and sophistication, 1980 to the present
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- References
- 62. Medicolegal and ethical aspects of pediatric anesthesia
- Introduction
- Informed consent
- Medical malpractice litigation
- Closed claims analyses
- Current issues in medical malpractice litigation
- Ethical considerations
- Summary
- References
- References
- 63. Education
- Section one: Historical background
- Section two: Roles of the clinical instructor
- Section three: Precepting in the perioperative arena
- Section four: Guiding rotations for residents or fellows
- Section five: Preparing an interactive classroom session
- Section six: Overview of usage of simulation and standardized patients in pediatric anesthesiology
- Acknowledgement
- References
- References
- 64. Statistics
- Descriptive statistics
- Decision analysis
- Hypothesis testing
- Relationship testing
- Experimental design
- Negative results
- Summary
- References
- References
- Appendix A. Pediatric drug dosages
- Appendix B. Growth curves
- Appendix C. Normal pulmonary function values
- Appendix D. Index of syndromes and their pediatric anesthetic implications
- Appendix. Multiple choice questions
- Abbreviations
- Index
- No. of pages: 1582
- Language: English
- Edition: 10
- Published: November 30, 2021
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323698252
- eBook ISBN: 9780323698269
PD
Peter J. Davis
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaFC
Franklyn P. Cladis
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania