Side Effects of Drugs Annual

1st Edition, Volume 46 - November 20, 2024
Editor: Sidhartha D. Ray
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 9 4 4 6 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 9 4 4 7 - 1

Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data in Adverse Drug Reactions, Volume 46, first published in 1977, presents clinicians and medical investiga… Read more

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Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data in Adverse Drug Reactions, Volume 46, first published in 1977, presents clinicians and medical investigators with a critical survey of new data and trends in adverse drug reactions and interactions. Topics covered include ADRs, ADEs and SEDs: A Bird’s Eye View, Lithium, Drugs of abuse, Side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Sedatives and hypnotics, Antipsychotic agents, Anti-epileptic Medications, Side effects of opioid analgesics and narcotic antagonists, Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout, Side effects of local anesthetics and therapeutic gases, and more.

Other sections covered include Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists), Drugs that act on the respiratory tract, Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias, Beta adrenergic antagonists and antianginal drugs, Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations, Antihypertensive drugs, and much much more.

Side Effects of Drugs Annual, 46
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Special Reviews in SEDA 46
Table of Essays, Annuals 1–45
Abbreviations
Analysis of ADRs, ADEs, drug interactions, toxicity and side effects of drugs in the shadow of vaccines, drug-antibody conjugates and pharmacogenomics
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Analysis of ADEs, ADRs, side effects and toxicity
Terminology
EIDOS
DoTS
WHO classification
References on adverse drug reactions
Further reading
Pharmacogenomic considerations
Enzymes and transporters
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Pharmacogenetic testing
Resources for pharmacogenetic information
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Immunological/hypersensitivity reactions
Type I reactions (IgE-mediated anaphylaxis; immediate hypersensitivity)
Type II reactions (cytotoxic reactions)
Type III reactions (immune-complex reactions)
Type IV reactions (cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity reactions)
Other types of reactions
References
Vaccine-induced adverse effects
Special Review
References
Analysis of toxicological reactions
Potentiation reactions
Synergistic effect
Additive effect
Antagonistic effects
Cross references
Antibody-drug conjugates
Tumors being targeted
Target antigen
Linker type used in the ADCs
Cytotoxic drugs (payloads)
Development of resistance to ADCs
Conclusion
References
Grades of adverse drug reactions
Reference
FDA pregnancy categories/classification of teratogenicity
Category A
Category B
Category C
Category D
Category X
Category N
References [Clinicians are suggested to be aware of the information contained in the following literature originating from regulatory agencies; Readers are advised to follow the most up-to-date info posted on respective websites prior to advising patients]
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1 Side effects of antidepressant use in pregnancy
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
The physiology of placental drug transfer
The mechanism of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and its effects on the pregnant patient
Preeclampsia
Emotional regulation in offspring
Gestational diabetes
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and its effects on the fetus
Autism Spectrum disorder
ADHD
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Common mood stabilizers
Special note of alternative treatments for depression
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Side effects of Lithium: Recent case studies on its adverse effects
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Nervous system
Drug interactions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Drugs of abuse
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Prescription drugs
Opioids, opioid derivatives, and opioid-like agents
CNS depressants
CNS stimulants
Illicit drugs
Opioids and synthetic/semi-synthetic opioids
Synthetic CNS depressants, and designer benzodiazepines
Stimulants, synthetic stimulants, and combinations containing stimulants
Cannabis, CBD, synthetic cannabis, and combinations including synthetic cannabis
Over the counter (OTC) drugs
Nicotine
Loperamide
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Recent perspectives on side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Rivastigmine
Donepezil
Galantamine
NMDA antagonist
Memantine
Anti-amyloid antibodies
Aducanumab
Lecanemab
Donanemab
Gantenerumab
Brexpiprazole
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Sedative and hypnotics
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Barbiturates
Pentobarbital
Amobarbital, butalbital, secobarbital
Benzodiazepines
Midazolam
Remimazolam
Temazepam
Estazolam, flurazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, quazepam
Orexin receptor antagonists
Daridorexant
Lemborexant
Suvorexant
Melatonin agonists
Ramelteon
Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists
Eszopiclone and zopiclone
Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Multiple drugs
References
Chapter 6 Adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
First generation antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics
References
Chapter 7 Antiseizure medications
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists
Clobazam
Clonazepam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Clorazepate and phenobarbital
GABA reuptake inhibitors
Tiagabine
GABA transaminase inhibitors
Vigabatrin
GABA analogs
Divalproex/valproic acid/valproate
Gabapentin
Pregabalin
Gabapentin and pregabalin
Sodium channel blockers
Carbamazepine
Cenobamate
Eslicarbazepine
Lacosamide
Lamotrigine
Oxcarbazepine
Phenytoin/fosphenytoin
Zonisamide
Glutamate blockers
Perampenel
Topiramate
Miscellaneous other mechanisms of action
Brivaracetam
Cannabidiol
Ethosuximide
Ezogabine
Felbamate
Fenfluramine
Levetiracetam
Stiripentol
Multiple drugs
General information
Cardiovascular: Arrhythmias
Neuromuscular function: Movement disorders
Neuromuscular function: Parkinson's disease
Psychological: Cognitive impairment
Psychiatry: Suicidality
Urinary tract: Granulomatous interstitial nephritis
Skin
Hair: Alopecia
Musculoskeletal: Vertebral fracture risk
Immunologic: Hypogammaglobulinemia
Second-generation effects—Pregnancy—Early abortion
Second-generation effects: Teratogenicity
Susceptibility factors: Genetic variants
Drug administration: Drug administration route
Food-drug interactions
References
Chapter 8 Side effects of agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of the opioid receptor
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Opioid full agonists (see Fig. 1)
Codeine
Fentanyl
Hydromorphone
Methadone
Morphine
Oxycodone
Tramadol
Partial opioid agonist
Buprenorphine
Opioid antagonist
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Aniline derivatives
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Arylalkanoic acid derivatives
Ibuprofen
Carboxylic acid derivatives
Ketorolac
Propionic acid derivatives
Naproxen
Pyrazole derivatives
Celecoxib
Salicylates
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Multiple NSAID analysis
Drugs used in the treatment of gout
Allopurinol
Allopurinol and febuxostat
References
Chapter 10 Clinical insights on adverse effects of general anaesthetics and therapeutic gases
Abstract
Keywords
Ciprofol
The effect of different doses of ciprofol in patients with painless gastrointestinal endoscopy
Ciprofol for induction of general anesthesia in elderly patients
Ciprofol for sedation/anesthesia in hysteroscopy
Dexmedetomidine
Intravenous sedation methods for MRI in children
Dexmedetomidine and renal function
Dexmedetomidine and ISB duration
Dexmedetomidine and asystole in pediatric patients
Dexmedetomidine and cerebral activity in preterm infants
Dexmedetomidine in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement
Dexmedetomidine and pharyngeal swallowing and esophageal motility
Dexmedetomidine in gynecological surgeries
Dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome and opioid sensitivity
Procedural sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Etomidate
Etomidate for use in septic patients
Ketamine
IM ketamine causes necrotic skin lesions and muscle atrophy
Postoperative catatonia after fentanyl, hydromorphone and ketamine
Liver profiles following prolonged ketamine administration
Magnesium induced ketamine toxicity
Propofol
Postoperative delirium after dexmedetomidine vs propofol in orthopedic surgery
Ketofol in patients with traumatic brain injury
Unusual presentations of propofol infusion syndrome
Propofol induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Green discoloration of urine following propofol
Cognitive function following valve replacement surgery
Etomidate and propofol for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Propofol and dexmedetomidine during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
Ciprofol
Safety of ciprofol in gynecological day surgery
Ciprofol and propofol for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia
Ciprofol on swallowing function in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Remimazolam
Special section
Remimazolam vs propofol during cervical conization
Remimazolam and propofol for surgical abortion
Remimazolam tosylate and propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Remimazolam and propofol for ERCP
Propofol and remimazolam on emergence profiles after general anesthesia
Remimazolam and propofol in surgical patients
Remimazolam and propofol in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement
Remimazolam tosilate and propofol for day surgery
Remimazolam and propofol for procedural sedation
Remimazolam and Propofol on recovery of psychomotor function
Remimazolam and propofol in patients routinely on angiotensin axis blocking drugs
Mixed volatiles
Emergence delirium in children
Postoperative behavioural changes in children undergoing ambulatory procedures
Desflurane
Desflurane anaesthesia and the incidence of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation
Brain relaxation under anaesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumours
Methoxyflurane
Prehospital use of methoxyflurane
Nitrous oxide
Special section
Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with recreational nitrous oxide use
Thromboembolism with nitrous oxide misuse
Sevoflurane
Special section
Sevoflurane induced neurotoxic effects on developing neurons
Sevoflurane inhibits cholangiocarcinoma signalling
Sevoflurane supresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell progression
Sevoflurane suppresses the malignant progression of breast cancer
Sevoflurane and hepatotoxicity
Sevoflurane and malignant hyperpyrexia
Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage following sevoflurane
Prolonged sedation with sevoflurane in critically ill patients
Respiratory adverse events after LMA mask removal in children
References
Chapter 11 Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Succinylcholine (suxamethonium)
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Rocuronium
Neurotoxin
BotulinumtoxinA
Neuromuscular blocker reversal agents
Sugammadex
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Baclofen
Cyclobenzaprine
References
Chapter 12 Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists)
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Azelastine
Bilastine
Cetirizine
Cyclizine
Cyproheptadine
Desloratadine
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Doxylamine
Ebastine
Hydroxyzine
Ketotifen
Meclizine
Triprolidine
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Drugs that act on the respiratory tract
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Glucocorticoids
Leukotriene modifiers
Montelukast
Pranlukast
β2-Adrenoceptoragonists
Albuterol/salbutamol
Anticholinergic drugs
Ipratropium
Umeclidinium
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Nintedanib case reports
Pirfenidone case reports
Monoclonal antibodies
Benralizumab
Mepolizumab
Dupilumab
Tezepelumab
Omalizumab
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias
Abstract
Keywords
Cardiac glycosides
Digoxin
Antidysrhythmic drugs
Amiodarone
Diltiazem
Flecainide
Lidocaine
Mexiletine
Propafenone
Verapamil
References
Chapter 15 Clinical perspectives on adverse effects and side effects of beta adrenergic antagonists and antianginal drugs
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Side effects of labetalol and nifedipine during treatment of preeclampsia in Han Chinese women
Labetalol and nicardipine precipitation with sugammadex
Beta adrenergic antagonists
Development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Adverse events in patients taking non-selective beta blockers (BBs) for variceal bleed prophylaxis
Hypotension and bradycardia during BB treatment following acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Bisoprolol
Carteolol
Carvedilol
Esmolol
Labetalol
Metoprolol
Nebivolol
Propranolol
Timolol
Calcium channel blockers
Genetic risk factors for side effects
Drug–drug interactions with non-vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants (NOACs)
Amlodipine
Diltiazem
Nicardipine
Nifedipine
Calcium channel blocker and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir drug–drug interactions
Inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation
Trimetazidine
Nitrates
Amyl nitrate
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16 Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Drugs used in the treatment of migraine
Sumatriptan
Takotsubo syndrome
Bone site fracture pain
Dihydroergotamine
Erenumab
Drugs used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease
Drugs used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Peripheral vasodilators
Dipyridamole-induced ST elevation myocardial infarction
Peripheral vasoconstrictors
Topical epinephrine
Drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Epoprostenol
Treprostenil
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Side effects of antihypertensive drugs
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Respiratory
Vascular
Vascular/gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal
Hemodynamic (overdose)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Gastrointestinal
Vascular (overdose)
Calcium channel blockers
Hemodynamic (overdose)
Cardiac
Cardiac (overdose)
Cardiac/hepatic (overdose)
Pulmonary renal (overdose)
Vascular
Hematologic
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal
Maxilofacial
Thiazide diuretics
Dermatologic
Electrolyte abnormalities
Loop diuretics
Auditory
Dermatologic
Electrolyte abnormalities
Renal
Hematologic
Gastrointestinal
Hydralazine
Vascular (pulmonary/renal)
Renal
Alpha blockers
Neuro-vascular
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 18 Clinical studies on the adverse effects of diuretics
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
Eplerenone
Esaxerenone
Spironolactone
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Acetazolamide
Methazolamide
Loop diuretics
Furosemide
Torsemide
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Indapamide
Serious life-threatening adverse effects with most diuretics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Recent clinical studies on metals and metal antagonists
Abstract
Keywords
Aluminum
Cardiovascular
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cobalt
Cardiac
Immunologic
Deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine combinatorial therapies
Susceptibility factors
Deferasirox
Tolerability
Susceptibility factors
Deferiprone
Urinary tract
Susceptibility factors
Deferoxamine
Nervous system
Kidney
Heavy metal toxicity
Hydroxyurea and other fetal hemoglobin inducers
Skin and nails
Musculoskeletal
Immunologic
Long-term effects
Suscpetibility factors
Physiological factors
Iron
Gastrointestinal
Liver
Susceptibility factors
Iron chelators
Sensory systems
Lead
Susceptiblity factors
Lithium
Neurological
Magnesium
Manganese
Microplastics
d-Penicillamine
Skin
Kidney
Immunologic
Suscpetibility factors
Platinum
Ear, nose, and throat
Selenium
Sensory system
Hair nails
Polystyrene sulphonates and patiromer
Gastrointestinal
Potassium chelator comparisons
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
Thallium
TDMQ20
References
Chapter 20 Side effects of antiseptic drugs and disinfectants
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Special review: Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants during COVID-19
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde (glutaral)
Benzalkonium compounds
Ethylene oxide
Guanidines
Chlorhexidine
Polyhexamethylene guanidine
Polyhexamethylene biguanidine
Halogens
Sodium hypochlorite
Triclosan
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)-iodine
Sulfites
Isothiazolinones
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Side effects of novel combination beta lactam/beta lactamase inhibitors
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA)
Neutropenia
Acute kidney injury
Central nervous system
Ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T)
Hypokalemia
Blood dyscrasias
Central nervous system
Cefiderocol (CFDC)
Urine discoloration
Meropenem/vaborbactam (M/V)
Hypokalemia
Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (IMI/REL)
Elevated liver enzymes
Renal toxicity
Neurotoxicity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Side effects of miscellaneous antibiotics
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Glycopeptides
Dalbavancin
Telavancin
Oritavancin
Vancomycin
Oxazolidinones
Linezolid
Macrolides
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
Miscellaneous
Metronidazole
Nitrofurantoin
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX-TMP)
Daptomycin
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Recent clinical studies on side effects of antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Atovaquone
Tinidazole
Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine
Primaquine
Albendazole
Artemether-lumefantrine, mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil
Metronidazole-induced cardiotoxicity in albino mice
Potential metronidazole-induced mania
Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy (MIE)
Allergic contact dermatitis to metronidazole
Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Side effects of anti-fungal medications with an emphasis on amphotericin B, posaconazole, and voriconazole
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Allylamines
Terbinafine
Azoles
Clotrimazole
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Posaconazole
Terconazole
Voriconazole
Polyenes
Amphotericin B deoxycholate
Amphotericin B liposomal
Others
Griseofulvin
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Recent perspectives on adverse effects of clinically relevant antiviral drugs
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Drugs active against cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Ganciclovir
Ganciclovir/valganciclovir
Valganciclovir/maribavir
Foscarnet
Maribavir
Letermovir
Drugs active against hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
Elbasvir/grazoprevir
Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir
Drugs active against hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Interferon-2α
Entecavir
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Tenofovir alafenamide
Drugs active against herpes simplex virus-1, -2 (HSV-1, HSV-2)
Acyclovir
Foscarnet
Valacyclovir
Drugs active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs)
Abacavir
Bictegravir
Cabotegravir
Dolutegravir
Drugs active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Drotaverine
Efavirenz
Rilpivirine
Drugs active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Nucleoside/-tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Tenofovir alafenamide
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Drugs active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Protease inhibitors (PIs)
Darunavir
Drugs active against coronavirus disease 2019
Remdesivir
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)
Drugs active against influenza virus
Oseltamivir/zanamivir
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Vaccines
Abstract
Keywords
Viral vaccines
COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2
Dengue vaccine
Ebola vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine
Human papillomavirus vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Measles–mumps–rubella and measles–mumps–rubella-varicella vaccine
Mpox vaccine
Rabies virus vaccine
Rotavirus vaccine
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines
Varicella/herpes zoster vaccine
Susceptibility factors
Bacterial vaccines
Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccines
Meningococcal vaccines
Pertussis vaccines (including diphtheria–tetanus–acellular/whole-cell pertussis-containing vaccines)
Pneumococcal vaccines
Parasitic vaccines
Malaria vaccine
Cancer vaccines
Solid tumor vaccines
Cross references
References
Chapter 27 Blood and blood treatments
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Oncology therapies
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Kinase inhibitor
Small molecule kinase inhibitor
Proteasome inhibitor
FL3T inhibitor
Human cytomegalovirus promoter
Pediatric chemotherapy regimen
Non-oncological therapies
Integrase inhibitor
Oral small molecule inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
Erythroid-maturating agent
Platelets and cryoprecipitate
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28 Side effects of drugs that affect blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and hemostasis
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Warfarin and direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACS)
Bleeding risk in AF (comparative studies)
Pulmonary
Apixaban
Subdural hematoma and other bleeding events
Apixaban-related complications
Nephropathy
Small vessel vasculitis
Atrial arrhythmias (AA)
Dermatologic effects
Safety comparisons
Asundexian
Overall safety profile
Dabigatran
Drug–drug interaction
Hemorrhagic complications
Rivaroxaban
Anaphylaxis
Dermatologic
Liver injury
Bleeding events
Pharmacokinetic effects
Warfarin
Hemorrhage and hematoma
Anemia secondary to warfarin overdose
Bleeding event
Pharmacogenomic effects
Increased risk of epilepsy in AF
Parenteral anticoagulants
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH)
Enoxaparin
Bullous hemorrhagic lesions
Hemorrhage and hematoma
Unfractionated heparin
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
DRESS syndrome
Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT)
Nafamostat mesylate
Phlebitis
Prothrombotic agents
TXA
Thrombosis
Anticoagulant reversal agents
Andexanet alfa
Thrombolytic agents
Alteplase
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29 Clinical studies on adverse effects of gastrointestinal drugs
Abstract
Keywords
Acid-suppression agents
Proton pump inhibitors
Omeprazole
Esomeprazole
Omeprazole
Potassium competitive acid blocker
Vonoprazan
Special review
Cathartics, laxatives, and prokinetic agents
Antiemetic agents
Anti-inflammatory agents
Aminosalicylates
Thiopurines
Miscellaneous GI agents
Adalimumab
Golimumab
Infliximab
Teduglutide
Tofacitinib
References
Chapter 30 Recent clinical studies on the side effects of agents that influence corticotrophins, corticosteroids, and prostaglandins
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Corticotrophins
Systemic glucocorticoids
Endocrine
Nephrology
Neurological
Neurologic/cardiovascular
Ocular
Psychological
Systemic (multi-organ system)
Cardiovascular
Dermatological
Electrolyte disturbances
Musculoskeletal
Ophthalmologic
Skeletal
Prostaglandins and analogues
Cardiovascular
Misoprostol
Dermatology
Endocrine
Hepatotoxicity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31 Sex hormones, related compounds, and hormonal contraceptives including miscellaneous hormones
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Second generation androgen receptor antagonists
Abiraterone acetate
Apalutamide
Enzalutamide
Estrogen receptor antagonists
Fulvestrant
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
Leuprolide
Triptorelin
Aromatase inhibitors
Exemestane
Letrozole
Anastrozole
Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Raloxifene
Tamoxifen
Toremifene
Clomifene
Progestins
Nomegestrol acetate
Desogestrel
Gestodene
Estrogens
Ethinyl estradiol
Estradiol valerate
Hormonal contraceptives
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
Etonogestrel
Levonorgestrel
Norethindrone (norethisterone)
Combined oral contraceptives
Yasmin
Lo Loestrin Fe
Gestodene/ethinylestradiol
Algestone/estradiol
Ethinylestradiol/desogestrel or drospirenone
Testosterone replacement therapy
Intracranial hypertension
Cardiovascular death
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Pulmonary embolisms and deep vein thrombosis
Anabolics, androgens, and related compounds
Subclavian artery occlusion
Neuropsychiatric disturbances
Drug-induced liver injury
Drug-induced liver injury and renal necrosis
Ischemic stroke
Drug-induced hypothyroidism
Recombinant human growth hormones
Optic nerve morphology
Ergot alkaloids
Methylergometrine (methylergonovine, methergine)
Oxytocin
Oxytocin-induced hypersensitivity
Uterine rupture
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 32 Side effects of thyroid hormones, iodine, iodides, and antithyroid medications
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Thyroid hormones
Levothyroxine (T4)
Liothyronine
Thyroid, desiccated
Thionamides
Carbimazole (CMZ)
Methimazole (MMI)
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Radioactive iodine (RAI)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33 Side effects of medications used in the management of diabetes
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Insulin and associated adverse effects (see Fig. 2)
Amyloidosis (localized)
Anaphylaxis
Cardiac hypertrophy
Edema
Erythrodermic psoriasis
Hypersensitivity
Nausea
Panniculitis
Soft tissue infection
Urticarial vasculitis
Other antihyperglycemic drugs (see Fig. 3)
Metformin
Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists
Dulaglutide
Liraglutide
Semaglutide
Tirzepatide (Monjaro®)
DPP-4 inhibitors
Alogliptin
Linagliptin
Sitagliptin
Sodium glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors
Empagliflozin
Pancreatitis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 34 Side effects of anti-lipid medications
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
HMG-COA reductase inhibitors
Rhabdomyolysis
Dermatologic
Ophthalmologic
PCSK9 inhibitors
Muscle related
Neurocognitive
Psychiatric
Female reproductive disorders
Bile acid sequestrants
Cholestyramine
Colestipol
Colesevelam
Fibric acid derivatives
Gemfibrozil/Fenofibrate
Omega-3 fatty acids/icosapent ethyl
Niacin
Bempedoic acid
Ezetimibe
References
Chapter 35 Case studies on adverse effects of drugs used in ocular treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Anti-VEGF
Medications used to treat glaucoma
Prostaglandins (PGF 2α) analogues
EP2-receptor-selective agonist ocular hypotensives
Beta blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Sympathetic alpha 2-receptor antagonists
Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors
Ophthalmic anti-inflammatory agents
Corticosteroids
Immunomodulating agents
Anti-microbials
Sulfonamides
Fluoroquinolones
Medications used to treat dry eye
Cholinergic agonists
Special topics in complement inhibition for treatment of geographic atrophy
Complement inhibitors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36 Adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events associated with use of antidepressant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antibiotic drugs in pregnancy
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Antidepressants
SSRI's and SNRI's
Other antidepressants
Antidiabetic drugs
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and SGLT2i's
Metformin and insulin
Sulfonylureas
Antihypertensive drugs
All classes
Beta-blockers
Methyldopa
Nifedipine, labetalol, hydralazine
Diuretics
Antibiotics
All classes
Penicillins
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Miscellaneous antibiotics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37 Adverse effects, side effects and toxicity of select phytochemicals: A review of clinical studies
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Amygdalin
Apigenin
Caffeic acid
Capsaicin
Curcumin
Ferulic acid
Fisetin
Gallic acid
Genistein
Gingerol
Ginsenosides
Hypericin
Yohimbine
Ginkgolides and bilobalide
References
Chapter 38 Development of resistance to anticancer medications: Challenges and clinical implications
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Taxanes
Paclitaxel
Nab-paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Cabazitaxel
Epothilones
Ixabepilone
Patupilone
Colchicine
Anthracyclines
Doxorubicin
Idarubicin
Epirubicin
Alkylating agents
Cyclophosphamide
Thalidomide derivatives
Lenalidomide
Bleomycin (antitumor antibiotic)
Etoposide (podophyllotoxins)
Topotecan and irinotecan (topoisomerase inhibitors)
Tamoxifen (hormonals)
Methotrexate (antimetabolites)
Hydroxyurea
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39 Side effects of radiocontrast agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Iodine-based contrast agents (ICAs)
ICA-induced neurotoxicity
ICA-induced thyroid dysfunction
ICA-induced kidney injury in cardiac patients
Contrast-induced extravasation
ICA-induced hypersensitivity reactions
ICA-induced stress on mononuclear cells in vitro
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs)
GBCA-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)
GBCA-induced hypersensitivity reactions
GBCA safety during pregnancy
Iron-oxide contrast agents
Ferumoxytol-induced adverse events
Barium-sulfate and other oral/GI contrast agents (non-iodinated)
Barium-induced cognitive impairment
Barium-induced peritonitis
Radiopharmaceuticals
Actinium-225 (225Ac)
Iodine-125 (125I)
Iodine-131 (131I)
Lutetium-177 (177Lu)
Radium-223 (223Ra)
Yttrium-90 (90Y)
Rhenium-188 (188Re)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40 Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that suppress appetite
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Myocardial infarction
Amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; MDMA) (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Methylphenidate (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Atomoxetine (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Vigilance promoting drugs
Modafinil and armodafinil (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Drugs that suppress appetite
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analogs
Liraglutide
Gastrointestinal
Semaglutide
Skin
Oral
Nervous system
Phentermine (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Phentermine/topiramate
Organ and systems
Parasympathomimetics
Donepezil (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Memantine (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Rivastigmine (see Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; (Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Organs and systems
Caffeine (Bello & Kshatriya, 2019) [R]; (Kshatriya & Bello, 2020) [R]; Scarpa et al., 2021) [R]
Conclusion
References
Index of Drugs
Index of Drug-Drug Interactions
Index of Adverse Effects and Adverse Reactions

Sidhartha D. Ray

Sidhartha D. Ray, PhD, FACN serves as a Senior Professor of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences at The Touro College of Pharmacy at Manhattan, New York. Prior to this he served as Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences for nearly 2 decades at the Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences of Long Island University, New York, and as the founding chair of Pharmaceutical Science department at Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Indiana, USA. He has been in the health sciences academy for over 35 years mainly focusing on pharmacy teaching, research and service. Dr. Ray's research program focus on drug & chemical induced organ toxicology, mechanistic & molecular toxicology, adverse drug reaction mechanisms, side effects of a number of therapeutically relevant drugs and environmentally significant chemicals. Over the last two decades, Dr. Ray’s seminal discoveries have provided clear understandings on the dynamic role of apoptosis, necrosis and necraptosis during organotoxic reactions and have influenced the development of safety measures for a stunning variety of xenobiotics, phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. He is internationally recognized as a leader in the scientific community and was one of the front runners in exploring mechanisms of drug and chemical-induced programmed and un-programmed cell death in in-vivo models. His landmark studies on the interplay of bcl-2, bcl-xl, p53, bad and bax during acetaminophen induced cell death and its prevention by grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has earned worldwide citations. His peer recognition and acknowledged service contributions are reflected by his election into multiple international professional organizations, such as the Society of Toxicology (SOT), Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine (SFRBM), American Society of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET), American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and American College of Nutrition (ACN). Dr. Ray is an Associate Editor of Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd Ed, Elsevier, 2014), and serves on the editorial boards of multiple prestigious international journals, including ‘Archives of Toxicology’ and ‘Oxidative Medicine & Cellular Longevity’. Based on his contributions to teaching, service and scholarship to health sciences in general, Dr. Ray received multiple prestigious awards, inc. the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology’s national research award (1996), ‘Fellow of the American College of Nutrition’ honor in 1999, David Newton Award for Excellence in Teaching Pharmacy (2005), the Biennial Abraham Krasnoff Memorial Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement (2008), Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science’s ‘Wall-of-Fame’ honor (2011), the Society of Toxicology’s ‘Undergraduate Educator of the Year’ national award (2013), and the Manchester University’s ‘Outstanding Scholar of the Year’ award (2014). He currently serves on the SOT-NIH–NLM’s joint Toxlearn Project, SOT Undergraduate Task Force (2007 – present), and has previously served on the SOT’s Education Committee (2007 – 2010). In his lifetime, Dr. Ray has mentored research to numerous PharmD, MS, MD and PhD students in a number of areas of toxicology and biomedical sciences, made seminal contributions to the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, free radical biology, anticancer mechanism, phytochemicals, nutraceuticals & dietary supplements, and molecular safety sciences. Dr. Ray loves to promote ‘Lifelong Learning’ strategies to his students and clearly models his beliefs day in and day out. Visit URL: www.sidhartharay.com/ for more details.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Professor of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, Touro University System, Manhattan, NY, USA

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Side Effects of Drugs Annual

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Sidhartha D. Ray