SGLT-2 Inhibitors, An Issue of Heart Failure Clinics

Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

Copyright

Contributors

Forthcoming Issues

Preface

Glucose-Lowering and Metabolic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors

Key points

Introduction

Glucose-lowering effects

Metabolic effects

Cardiac metabolic effects

Systemic effects

Summary

Clinics care points

Renoprotective Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors

Key points

Introduction

The physiology of SGLT2 and its expression in the diabetic kidney

The metabolic signature of SGLT2 inhibition

SGLT2 inhibition lowers glomerular filtration rate initially to preserve it in long term

Does SGLT2 inhibition lower glomerular capillary pressure?

How can lowering glomerular filtration rate and PGC protect the kidney in long term?

Clinics care points

Financial support and sponsorship

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Key points

History of sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors

Guidance for cardiovascular outcome trials in type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular outcome trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a major breakthrough

The supporting results from real-world observations

From bedside to bench: mechanisms of action of SGLT2i

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Paradigm Shift Toward Dual Cardio-Renal Protection

Key points

Background

Evidence of the benefits of Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Summary

Clinics care points

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Key points

Diabetes, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and SGLT2 inhibitors

Empagliflozin and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Ejection fraction and empagliflozin in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure outcomes

Heart failure-related quality of life and functional capacity

Kidney outcomes

Potential mechanisms of benefit of SGLT2i in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Future trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Summary

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure: Early Initiation to Achieve Rapid Clinical Benefits

Key points

Introduction

The near-immediate benefit of SGLT2i

Initiation of SGLT2i with or without background therapy

SGLT2i before device therapy

Should SGLT2i be initiated during hospitalization?

Cost and value considerations

SGLT2i use in patients with heart failure and ejection fraction greater than 40%

Summary

Clinics care points

Funding

Disclosure

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: Impact on Atherosclerosis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events

Key points

Introduction

Summary

Clinics care points

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Peripheral Vascular Events: A Review of the Literature

Key points

Introduction

History

Amputation endpoints and peripheral events in randomized controlled trials

Observational studies comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with other treatments

Methodological considerations

Discussion

Summary

Clinics care points

Disclosure

Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Key points

Introduction

Do sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors also work in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Proposed mechanisms for the favorable effects of SGLT2 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Future directions

Summary

Clinics care points

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Safety in Older Patients

Key points

Introduction

Safety issues associated with SGLT-2 inhibitors

Summary

Clinics care points

Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Amputation Risk, and Fracture Risk

Key points

Introduction

Amputation

Fracture

Chance findings in large-scale trials

Summary

Clinics care points